diff --git a/build.sh b/build.sh index 2f2ddf9e18bf8e27d0f416be686a8654dac36af9..970596712beafe31a553f3bb75d93666700bd1eb 100755 --- a/build.sh +++ b/build.sh @@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ build_from_source dampe main.tex *.jpg *.png #build_from_source fazia fazia.tex build_from_source fermi fermi.tex build_from_source gamma gamma.tex +build_from_source icarus report_2018.tex *.png #build_from_source gerda gerda.tex *.pdf #build_from_source glast glast.tex #link_pdf juno juno.pdf diff --git a/cnaf-annual-report-2018.tex b/cnaf-annual-report-2018.tex index 68acbb6722008849b8303d47127ecdc40636482c..726b03db78701d6229f64ecf6f0e9eb5b4b8c542 100644 --- a/cnaf-annual-report-2018.tex +++ b/cnaf-annual-report-2018.tex @@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ Introducing the sixth annual report of CNAF... \ia{The \emph{Fermi}-LAT experiment}{fermi} %\ia{Fazia: running dynamical simulations for heavy ion collisions at Fermi energies}{fazia} \ia{GAMMA experiment}{gamma} +\ia{ICARUS}{icarus} %\ia{The GERDA experiment}{gerda} %\ia{Juno experimenti at CNAF}{juno} \ia{The KM3NeT neutrino telescope network and CNAF}{km3net} diff --git a/contributions/icarus/ICARUS-nue-mip.png b/contributions/icarus/ICARUS-nue-mip.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19e10c9a629c3d6cd712e35fb58be89de5ea9f4e Binary files /dev/null and b/contributions/icarus/ICARUS-nue-mip.png differ diff --git a/contributions/icarus/ICARUS-sterile-e1529944099665.png b/contributions/icarus/ICARUS-sterile-e1529944099665.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a978207ec76ac28604ba80ab7852b47333ba28f Binary files /dev/null and b/contributions/icarus/ICARUS-sterile-e1529944099665.png differ diff --git a/contributions/icarus/SBN.png b/contributions/icarus/SBN.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fec59aee6124499e712a80cc6d7b45335a8dbd0a Binary files /dev/null and b/contributions/icarus/SBN.png differ diff --git a/contributions/icarus/icarus-nue.png b/contributions/icarus/icarus-nue.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..874068a62f578fa1772211624f3d49ccb483ef21 Binary files /dev/null and b/contributions/icarus/icarus-nue.png differ diff --git a/contributions/icarus/report_2018.tex b/contributions/icarus/report_2018.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3e25dbc658c70f74792bf8c850313e2684f3d96 --- /dev/null +++ b/contributions/icarus/report_2018.tex @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ +\documentclass[a4paper]{jpconf} +\usepackage[font=small]{caption} +\usepackage{graphicx} + +\begin{document} + +\title{ICARUS} +\author{A. Rappoldi, on behalf of the ICARUS Collaboration} +\address{INFN, Sez. di Pavia, via Bassi, 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy} +\ead{andrea.rappoldi@pv.infn.it} + + +\begin{abstract} + +After its successful operation at the INFN underground laboratories +of Gran Sasso (LNGS) from 2010 to 2013, ICARUS has been moved to +Fermilab Laboratory at Chicago (FNAL), +where it represents an important element of the +Short Baseline Neutrino Project (SBN). + +Indeed, the ICARUS T600 detector, which has undergone various technical upgrades +operations at CERN to improve its performance and make it more suitable +to operate at shallow depth, will constitute one of three LAr detectors +exposed to the FNAL Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB). + +The purpose of this project is to provide adequate answers to the +"sterile neutrino puzzle", due to the observation, claimed by various +other experiments, of anomalies in the results obtained in the +measurement of the parameters that regulate the mechansm of neutrino +flavor oscillations. + +\end{abstract} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{The ICARUS project} +\label{ICARUS} + +The technology of the Liquid Argon Time Projection chamber (LAr TPC), +was first proposed by scientist Carlo Rubbia in 1977. It was conceived as a tool for +detecting neutrinos in a way that would result in completely uniform imaging with high +accuracy of massive volumes (several thousand tons). + +ICARUS T600, the first large-scale detector exploiting this detection technique, +is the biggest LAr TPC ever realized, with a cryostat containing 760 tons of liquid argon. +Its construction was the culmination of many years of ICARUS collaboration R\&D studies, +with larger and larger laboratory and industrial prototypes, mostly developed thanks +to the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), with the support of CERN. + +Nowadays, it represents the state of the art of this technique, and it marks a major +milestone in the practical realization of large-scale liquid-argon detectors. + +The ICARUS T600 detector was previously installed in the underground Italian INFN Gran +Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) and was the first large-mass LAr TPC operating as a continuously +sensitive general-purpose observatory. +The detector was exposed to the CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS) beam, +a neutrino beam produced at CERN and +traveling undisturbed straight through Earth for 730 km. + +This very successful run lasted 3 years (2010-2013), +during which were collected +$8.6 \cdot 10^{19}$ protons on target with a +detector live time exceeding 93\%, recording 2650 CNGS neutrinos, +(in agreement with expectations) and cosmic rays (with a total exposure of 0.73 kilotons per year). +ICARUS T600 demonstrated the effectiveness of the so-called {\it single-phase} TPC technique +for neutrino physics, providing a series of results, both from the technical and from the +physical point of views. + +Beside the excellent detector performance, both as tracking device and as homogeneous calorimeter, +ICARUS demonstrated a remarkable capability in electron-photon separation and particle +identification, exploiting the measurement of dE/dx versus range, including also the +reconstruction of the invariant mass of photon pairs (coming from $\pi^0$ decay) to reject to unprecedented level +the Neutral Current (NC) background to $\nu_e$ Charge Current (CC) events (see Fig.~\ref{Fig1}). + +\begin{figure}[ht] +\centering +% \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,natwidth=1540,natheight=340]{icarus-nue.png} +\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{icarus-nue.png} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[ht] +\centering +\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ICARUS-nue-mip.png} +\caption{\label{Fig1} {\it Top:} A typical $\nu_e$ CC events recorded during the ICARUS operation +at LNGS. The neutrino, coming from the right, interacts with the Ar nucleus and produce a +proton (short heavy ionizing track) and an electron (light gray track) which starts an electromagnetic +shower, which develops to the left. {\it Bottom:} The accurate analysis of {\it dE/dx} allows +to easily distinguish the parts of the track in which there is the overlap of more particles, +locating with precision the beginning of the shower.} +\end{figure} + +The tiny intrinsic $\nu_e$ component in the CNGS $\nu_{\mu}$ +beam allowed ICARUS to perform a sensitive search for anomalous LSND-like $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ oscillations. +Globally, seven electron-like events have been observed, consistent with the $8.5 \pm 1.1$ events +expected from intrinsic beam $\nu_e$ component and standard oscillations, providing the limit on +the oscillation probability $P(\nu_\muμ \rightarrow \nu_e) \le 3.86 \cdot 10^{−3}$ at 90\% CL and +$P(\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e) \le 7.76 \cdot 10^{−3}$ at 99\% CL, as shown in +Fig.~\ref{Fig2}. + +\begin{figure}[ht] +\centering +\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{ICARUS-sterile-e1529944099665.png} +\caption{\label{Fig2} Exclusion plot for the $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ oscillations. +The yellow star marks the best fit point of MiniBooNE. +The ICARUS limits on the oscillation probability are shown with the red lines. Most of +LSND allowed regios is excluded, except for a small area around $\sin^2 2 \theta \sim 0.005$, +$\Delta m^2 < 1 eV^2$. +} +\end{figure} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{ICARUS at FNAL} +\label{FNAL} +After its successful operation at LNGS, the ICARUS T600 detector was planned +to be included in the Short Baseline Neutrino project (SBN) at Fermilab\cite{SBN}, +in Chicago, aiming to give some definitive answer to the so-called +{\it Sterile Neutrino Puzzle}. +In this context, it will operate as the {\it far detector}, put along the +Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) line, 600 meters from the target (see Fig.~\ref{Fig3}). + +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{SBN.png} +\caption{\label{Fig3} The Short Baseline Neutrino Project (SBN) at +Fermilab (Chicago) will use three LAr TPC detectors, exposed to the +Booster Neutrino Beam, at different distances fron the target. +The ICARUS T600 detector, put at 600 m, will operate as the {\it far detector}, +voted to detect any anomaly in the beam flux and spectrum, with respect to +the initial beam composition detected by the {\it near detector} +(SBND). +These anomalies, due to neutrino flavour oscillations, would consist of +either $\nu_e$ appearence or $\nu_\mu$ disappearance. +} +\end{figure} + +For this purpose, the ICARUS T600 detector underwent intensive +overhauling at CERN, before shipping to FNAL, +in order to make it better suited to surface operation (instead of in +an underground environment). + +This important technical improvements took place in the CERN +Neutrino Platform framework (WA104) from 2015 to 2017. +In addition to significant mechanical improvements, especially concerning +a new cold vessel, with a purely passive thermal insulation, +some important innovations have been applied to the scintillation +light detection system\cite{PMT} and to the readout +electronics\cite{Electronics}. + +% The role of ICARUS will be to detect any anomaly in the neutrino beam flux and +% composition that can occour during its propagation (from the near to the +% far detector), caused by neutrino flavour oscillation. +% This task requires to have an excellent capability to detect and identify +% neutrino interaction within the LAr sensitive volume, rejecting any other +% spurious event with a high level of confidence. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{ICARUS data amount} +\label{Computingreport_2015.pdf} + +% The new ICARUS T600 detector (that has been modified and improved to operate +% at FNAL) contains about 54,000 sensitive wires (that give an electric signal +% proportional to the charge released into the LAr volume by ionizing particles) +% and 180 large PMTs, producing a prompt signal coming from the scintillation light. +% Both these analogic signal types are then converted in digital form, by mean of +% fast ADC modules. +% +% During normal run conditions, the trigger rate is about 0.5 Hz, and +% a full event, consisting of the digitized charge signals of all wires +% and all PMTs, has a size of about 80 MB (compressed). +% Therefore, the expected acquisition rate is about 40 MB/s, corrisponding + %to 1 PB/yr. + +The data produced by ICARUS detector (which is a LAr Time Projection Chamber) +basically consist of a large number of waveforms generated by sampling the electric +signals induced on the sensing wires by the drift of the charge deposited along +the trajectory of the charged particles within the Lar sensitive volume. + +The waveforms recorded on about 54000 wires and 360 PMTs are digitized +(at sample rate of 2.5 MHz and 500 MHz respectively) and compressed, +resulting in a total size of about 80 MB/event. + +Considering the forseen acquisition rate of about 0.5 Hz (in normal +run conditions), the expected data flow is about 40 MB/s, which +involves a data production of about 1 PB/yr. + +The raw data are then processed by automated filters that allow to recognize +and select the various event types (cosmic, beam, background, etc.) and rewrite +them in a more flexible format, suitable for the following analysis, +which is also supported by means of graphics interactive programs. + +% The experiment is expected to start commissioning phase at the end of 2018, +% with first data coming as soon as the Liquid Argon filling procedure is completed. +% Trigger logic tuning will last not less than a couple of months during which +% one PB of data is expected. + +Furthermore, the ICARUS Collaboration is actively working on +producing Montecarlo events needed +to design and test the trigger conditions to be implemented on the detector. +This is done by using the same analysis and simulation tools +developed at Fermilab for the SBN detectors (the {\it LArSoft framework}), in +order to have a common software platform, and to facilitate algorithm testing +and performance checking by all the components of the collaboration. + +During the 2018 many activities related to the detector installation +were still ongoing, and the start of data acquisition activities +is scheduled for the 2019. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Role and contribution of CNAF} +\label{CNAF} + +All the data (raw and reduced) will be stored on the Fermilab using local facility; +however, the ICARUS collaboration agreed to have a mirror site in Italy +(located at CNAF INFN Tier1) where to retain a full replica of the preselected +raw data, both to have redundancy and provide a more direct data access +to european part of the collaboration. + +The CNAF Tier-1 computing resources assigned to ICARUS for 2018 consist of: +4000 HSPEC of CPU, 500 TB of disk storage and 1500 TB of tape archive. + +A small fraction of the available storage has been used to +make a copy of all the raw data acquired at LNGS, +which are still subject to analysis. + +During 2018 the ICARUS T600 detector was still in preparation, so +only a limited fraction +of such resorces has been used, mainly to perform data transfer tests +(from FNAL to CNAF) and to check the installation of LArSoft framework +in the Tier-1 environment. For this last purpose, a dedicate virtual +machine with custom environment was also used. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section*{References} + +\begin{thebibliography}{1} + +\bibitem{SBN} + R. Acciarri et al., + {\it A Proposal for a Three Detector Short-Baseline Neutrino + Oscillation Program in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam}, + arXiv:1503.01520 [physics.ins-det] + +\bibitem{PMT} + M. Babicz et al., + {\it Test and characterization of 400 Hamamatsu R5912-MOD + photomultiplier tubes for the ICARUS T600 detector}. + JINST 13 (2018) P10030 + +\bibitem{Electronics} + L. Bagby et al., + {\it New read-out electronics for ICARUS-T600 liquid + argon TPC. Description, simulation and tests of the new + front-end and ADC system}. + JINST 13 (2018) P12007 + +\end{thebibliography} + + +\end{document}