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\documentclass[a4paper]{jpconf}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{array}
\begin{document}
\title{EOSC-hub: contributions to project achievements}
\author{C. Duma$^1$, A. Costantini$^1$, D. Michelotto$^1$,
A. Ceccanti$^1$, E. Vianello $^1$, L. Morganti$^1$,
A. Fallabella$^1$, L. Dell'Agnello$^1$, D. Salomoni$^1$}
\address{$^1$ INFN-CNAF, Bologna, IT}
\ead{ds@cnaf.infn.it}
\begin{abstract}
EOSC-hub is the H2020 EINFRA12 project submitted by a consortium of
74 partners under the coordination of EGI, EUDAT and INDIGO-DataCloud.
It brings together multiple service providers to create {\bf the Hub}: a single
contact point for European researchers and innovators to discover, access, use
and reuse a broad spectrum of resources for advanced data-driven research.
After a short description of the projects objectives and of its work-packages,
we present the various aspects of the CNAF contributions to the achievement of
this objectives.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
The EOSC-hub project creates the integration and management system of the future European
Open Science Cloud (EOSC) that delivers a catalogue of services, software and data from the EGI Federation,
EUDAT CDI, INDIGO-DataCloud and major research e-infrastructures. This integration and
management system (the Hub) builds on mature processes, policies and tools from the
leading European federated e-Infrastructures to cover the whole life-cycle of services,
from planning to delivery. The Hub aggregates services from local, regional and national
e-Infrastructures in Europe, Africa, Asia, Canada and South America.
The Hub acts as a single contact point for researchers and innovators to discover, access,
use and reuse a broad spectrum of resources for advanced data-driven research. Through
the virtual access mechanism, more scientific communities and users have access to services
supporting their scientific discovery and collaboration across disciplinary and geographical boundaries.
The project mission is to contribue to address the EOSC challenges/objectives implementing a number of actions:
\begin{itemize}
\item Increase the ability to {\bf exploit research data across scientific disciplines} and between the public and private sector, by:
\begin{itemize}
\item {\bf Publish, discover, access} services and resources for all scientific disciplines, defined and adopt {\bf a service
portfolio management process} activities and governance
\item {\bf Open} to national, regional, pan-European providers, and supports different exploitation models (e.g. free at point of use, commercial)
\item Build a Joint Digital Innovation Hub https://eosc-hub.eu/digital-innovation-hub
\end{itemize}
\item Support {\bf open science}, by:
\begin{itemize}
\item Offering services to share and discover research artefacts (datasets, software, notebooks) and research artefacts sources
\item Establish an EOSC-hub and OpenAIRE collaboration
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
a well as to contribute to the European Open Science Agenda:
\begin{itemize}
\item Develop research infrastructures for Open Science, by:
\begin{itemize}
\item making major data infrastructures available for dissemination and exploitation in Open Science. Data resources include: Copernicus, ESA/Landsat, ERS and Envisat/Meris datasets for earth observation; the CLARIN metadata infrastructure for Art and Humanities, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment data and its distributed processing infrastructure, EISCAT experimental data, the ELIXIR core data resources, et al.
\item providing well defined and non-discriminatory access modes for all researchers across all disciplines, following the G8 principles.
\item applying long-term, persistent care for a given resource by improving the stewardship from the funding agencies and the resource owners, through active maintenance of open science resources, such as certification of data repositories, and maintenance of training and education programmes to increase the amount and quality of knowledge held by the community on required topics such as data preservation, curation and sharing.
\end{itemize}
\item Enable data-intensive research in secured virtual environments for Open Science, by:
\begin{itemize}
\item enabling big data solutions in secured virtual environments to generate smart solutions for analysing complex data from different sources
\item defining and adopting a corpus of harmonised access and reuse policies for research infrastructures and e-Infrastructures, based on one market offering clear points of access and support
\end{itemize}
\item Mainstream Open Access to research results, by:
\begin{itemize}
\item offering services for research data discoverability, an application store where cloud virtual appliances can be freely registered and shared as research objects linked to publications, to be executed on a distributed cloud environment for repeatability of science
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\section{Project implementation and CNAF contributions}
\label{sec:first}
Following a service lifecycle approach, the EOSC-hub work packages are defined to support a service-oriented approach that covers the various stages of service management: from planning (left); integration, management and delivery (middle); and adoption (right) in Figure \ref{eoschub_wps}.
The {\bf Service Planning} WPs are devoted to collect requirements from new user communities and research collaborations, define and implement strategy and policies ({\bf WP2}), engage with stakeholders ({\bf WP3}), define appropriate business models and strategies and identify procurement frameworks ({\bf WP12}).
The {\bf Service Integration} WPs are devoted to service integration ({\bf WP5},{\bf WP6} and{\bf WP7}), maintenance and control ({\bf WP4}). {\bf WP10} is providing the technical coordination and consistency to these activities.
The {\bf Service Adoption} WPs include activities directed at pre-selected (via an open call during proposal preparation) to early adopters from research communities ({\bf WP8}) and the business world ({\bf WP9}). {\bf WP12} handles business model innovation and service procurement and purchase in order to provide access to all user categories targeted by the project. WP11 will manage a training programme to stimulate knowledge network and facilitate adoption. {\bf WP1} supports the overall project management and coordination, complemented by Technology Coordination, executed in {\bf WP10}.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=15cm,clip]{eoschub_wps_2.png}
\caption{EOSC-hub project work-packages and their relationship}
\label{eoschub_wps}
\end{figure}
\subsection {CNAF contributions}
The main work-packages that see the involvement of the CNAF teams are:
\subsubsection {WP2 - Strategy and Business Development}
The work-package is dealing with the overall policy, business and service strategy of the project, and CNAF team is:
\begin{itemize}
\item contributing to the definition and management of the project strategy
\item managing the service roadmap, service portfolio and service catalogue, in collaboration with the Technology Committee
\item formulating policies to facilitate the sharing and safe processing of both open and restricted data from across European research infrastructures and promoting current models of good practice on the management of restricted data from around the EOSC-hub consortium.
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection {WP6 - Common Services: Integration and Maintenance}
This work package is maintaining and integrating the common services based on an evolving service catalogue, starting from an initial set of mature common services and technologies from the EGI, EUDAT and INDIGO service catalogues. It aims, among other, to maintain the high quality of the baseline and advanced common services from the evolving service catalogue according to a maintenance plan, ensure that these services are developing according to the requirements of users, thematic services and competence centres, and provide support and contribute to the documentation.
CNAF team is involved in particular in the task T6.1 ``Discovery and Access'', for the support of the INDIGO IAM service integration on request, e.g., with thematic services and testing according to the work plans defined by relevant competence centres. INDIGO IAM will act as attribute authority and IdP for the EOSC-hub federated AAI.
\subsubsection {WP7 - Thematic Services: Integration, maintenance and Exploitation}
The Thematic Services envisaged by the EOSC-hub project provide community-specific capabilities including research core data, data products, scientific software, and pipelines from 18 international research collaborations and infrastructures: CLARIN, CMS, DARIAH, ELIXIR, EISCAT, EIDA, ENES, EPOS, GEOSS, ICOS, ITER, IFREMER and SeaDataNet, LifeWatch, LNEC, LOFAR, ICOS, WeNMR, and earth observation data from Copernicus, ESA and Envisat missions. The work-package, through its different tasks, aims to vertically integrate thematic services with common components, to foster their deployment and operation, to enable users access to the respective services and to integrate monitoring and accounting systems in these thematic services.
In particular, the CNAF team is involved in the {\bf T7.2 - DODAS TS (Dynamic On Demand Analysis Service)}\cite{dodas} that provides the end-user with an automated system that simplifies the process of provisioning, creating, managing and accessing a pool of heterogeneous (possibly opportunistic) computing resources, as described in Figure \ref{dodas}. The work in this task regards the support to a wider range of infrastructure providers improving the following features through the integration with EOSC-hub: Data Management, Data Caching, PaaS level cross-site cluster deployment, Web User interface, Authentication and Authorisation and Accounting.
DODAS is an open-source Platform-as-a-Service tool which allows to deploy software applications over heterogeneous and hybrid clouds. It instantiates on-demand container-based clusters through Apache Mesos \cite{mesos} and it offers a high level of abstraction to users, allowing to exploit any cloud infrastructure with almost zero effort, since it requires a very limited knowledge of the underlying technical details.
During 2018 a lot of effort has been spent on supporting communities. Several initiatives in this respect required support form DODAS team:
\begin{itemize}
\item AMS did scale tests during a couple of weeks, using:
\begin{itemize}
\item 1.5K cores. about 200k jobs run producing about 20TB of output data.
\item Input Data read from EOS at CERN and produced data moved to CNAF through a third party copy mechanism
\item integrated Cache in AMS data analysis workflow (with DODAS)
\item collected feedback for improvements such as: AuthN/Z based on GSI (certificates from JWT), improve remote access (e.g. introducing CCB), improve CVMFS server management.
\item Overall very successful testing and usage.
\end{itemize}
\item CERN CMS-OpenData :
\begin{itemize}
\item from a design to a first test. End to End validation. Provided support for design integration and implementation.
\item Results will be presented at CMS Offline and Computing week
\item Document report provided by a CERN summer student
\end{itemize}
\item work regarding BigData platform for Machine Learning as a Service
\begin{itemize}
\item initially focussed on the inference and data reduction part. Integrating respectively the TFaaS of CMS and the Spark (which was already available)
\item followed by activities on Training part. Model training is trying to get all the available results/services/APIs from DEEP-HybridDataCloud project\cite{deep}
\end{itemize}
\item Finalised Onedata\cite{onedata} scale and validation tests. A long running exercise was done with latest onedata release rc11 in order to provide a comprehensive summary of performances evaluations.
\item Concluded the Google cloud integration, exploiting a third parity grant
\begin{itemize}
\item integration was done successfully
\item basic validation concluded with positive results.
\item validation has been carried on with all use cases supported by DODAS (AMS and CMS)
\item both workflow based on cache usage (xcache) and without have been validated.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=15cm,clip]{dodas_ar.png}
\caption{High level schema of the DODAS architecture}
\label{dodas}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection {WP10 - Technical Coordination}
The work-package main objectives are to define the technical roadmap, with external and internal input from user and service providers requirements, existing and planned services, technologies, standards, frameworks; to contribute to external standardisation bodies and relevant initiatives; to define the criteria for inclusion of new services into the catalogue and assessing conformance and to identify solutions to community requirements and lead their integration into the service portfolio.
Main CNAF team contributions to this work-package are in:
\begin{itemize}
\item Task T10.1 - Technical roadmap, that is dealing with definition, maintenance and enforcement of the technical roadmap, defining and maintaining the overall service architecture of the services of the EOSC Hub portfolio, by being part of different technological groups driving the activities of respective technological areas like:
\begin{itemize}
\item AAI - that oversees the technical development in the AAI area, in particular supporting one of the Community AAI service - the INDIGO-IAM
\item Software Quality Area - working on the definition of: best practices for services deployment and interoperability checks, software release, support and management
\end{itemize}
\item Task T10.2 - Service Catalogue Technical Evolution, that is defining the project's Rules of Engagement (RoE), including guidelines, policies and procedures to assess the conformance of services to the RoE and to the FAIR principles. This task is also monitoring the evolution of reference standards (and contribute where relevant) and track the evolution of the main software technologies in the Open Source communities. CNAF is participating in the RDAs' Software Source Code Identification Working Group that is bringing together a broad panel of stakeholders directly involved in software identification, working to define concrete recommendations for the academic community to ensure that the solutions that will be adopted by the academic players are compatible with each other and especially with the software development practice of tens of millions of developers worldwide.
\item Task T10.3 - Community Requirement Analysis and Technical, analysing the requirements collected by the other work packages and provide support to all the user communities engaged before or during the project, including also Thematic Services, Competence Centres and Joint Digital Innovation Hubs, in particular during their starting phase. CNAF team is in particular involved in the technical support team of the DODAS Thematic Service.
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection {WP13 - Access Provisioning}
This WP manages the Virtual Access to services of the EOSC-hub catalogue in the following four categories: Common Services, Thematic Services, Collaborative Services and Federation Services. In the context of this WP, CNAF is participating providing the Virtual Access installation for the DODAS Thematic Service. Some of the metrics showing the 2018 contributions are presented in Table \ref{tab:1}.
\begin{table}[ht]
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|l|}
\hline
\textbf{Metric Name} & \multicolumn{1}{l|}{\textbf{Baseline}} & \textbf{Description} & \textbf{Period 1 (M3-8)} & \textbf{Period 2 (M9-17)} \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}Usage: CPU time and storage \\ consumed by DODAS \\ at CNAF\end{tabular} & 0 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}CNAF resources made \\ available for the TS.\\ Data will be collected both from \\ the DODAS monitoring system \\ and accounting at two sites. \\ (These are new resources, \\ installed and configured for\\ the EOSC-hub project)\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}``CPU Hours'': 308068.78, \\ ``Disk GB-Hours'': 5986141.3 \\ Value taken from the underling \\ Openstack Provider.\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}``CPU Hours'': 541744.2, \\ ``Disk GB-Hours'': 9798183.68\end{tabular} \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}Usage: Total Number \\ of Cluster deployments\end{tabular} & 0 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}Number of cluster \\ deployments made through\\ the DODAS Core Services. \\ Metric will be based on the \\ deployments registered on \\ the DODAS PaaS Orchestrator \\ and Infrastructure Manager\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}622 distinct cluster deployments. \\ Value taken from IM Database\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}1084 distinct cluster \\ deployments\end{tabular} \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}Visits: number of visit/request \\ to the DODAS core services\end{tabular} & 0 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}Number of people registered \\ in the DODAS-IAM service\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}31 ``Number of people registered\\ in the DODAS-IAM service.''\end{tabular} & 56 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}}
\caption{Metrics regarding CNAF contribution as the main DODAS Virtual Access infrastructure}
\label{tab:1}
\end{table}
\section{Conclusions}
After the activities of the first project year that mainly see the organisation of the various technological groups, the collection of the requirements regarding the services developed and\/or supported by INFN, the deployment and operation of the DODAS Thematic Service, the following year will continue with the work on the definition and consolidation of the EOSC Hub Technical Roadmap, the Technical Architecture and standards roadmap, enhance the DODAS user community and integrate it into the EOSC-hub production environment. Also many training activities are foreseen both for the services nuder the development of the CNAF team, as well as for the DODAS TS.
\section*{Acknowledgments}
EOSC-hub has been funded by the European Commission H2020 research and innovation
program under grant agreement RIA 777536.
\section{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{}
\bibitem{dodas}
DODAS: https://dodas-ts.github.io/dodas-doc/
\bibitem{mesos}
Web site: https://open.mesosphere.com/
\bibitem{deep}
Web site: https://deep-hybrid-datacloud.eu/
\bibitem{onedata}
Web site: https://onedata.org/
\bibitem{rda}
Web site: https://www.rd-alliance.org/groups/software-source-code-identification-wg
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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\documentclass[a4paper]{jpconf}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}
\title{EOSCpilot: Interoperability Interim results}
\author{C. Duma$^1$, A. Costantini$^1$, D. Michelotto$^1$,
A. Ceccanti$^1$, E. Fattibene $^1$ and D. Salomoni$^1$}
\address{$^1$INFN Division CNAF, Bologna, Italy}
\ead{ds@cnaf.infn.it}
\begin{abstract}
The EOSCpilot project is the first project in the entire EOSC programme, tasked
with exploring some of the scientific, technical and cultural challenges that need
to be addressed in the deployment of the EOSC. The EOSCpilot project has been funded
to support the first phase in the development of the European Open Science Cloud
(EOSC). In this paper we present a summary of the second year activities results
in the field of interoperability containing the first results of the validation
of services and demonstrators in the interoperability testbeds and the revised
interoperability requirements derived from these activities.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
The European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) programme aims to deliver an Open Data
Science Environment that federates existing scientific data infrastructures to
offer European science and technology researchers and practitioners seamless
access to services for storage, management, analysis and re-use of research data
presently restricted by geographic borders and scientific disciplines.
In the framework of the EOSCpilot, WP6, "Interoperability", aims to develop and
demonstrate the interoperability requirements between e-Infrastructures,
domain research infrastructures and other service providers needed in the
European Open Science Cloud. It provides solutions, based on analysis of existing
and planned assets and techniques, to the challenge of interoperability.
Two aspects of interoperability are taken into consideration: {\bf Data interoperability},
ensuring that data can be discovered accessed and used according to the FAIR
principles, and {\bf Service interoperability}, ensuring that services operated
within different infrastructures can interchange and interwork.
In the framework of the EOSCpilot project INFN, and in particular CNAF is the
coordinator of the activities of the task T6.3 - “Interoperability pilots
(service implementation, integration, validation, provisioning for Science
Demonstrators)â€.
One of the project's main Objectives related to WP6 is to:
\begin{itemize}
\item “Develop a number of pilots that integrate services and infrastructures
to demonstrate interoperability in a number of scientific domainsâ€
\end{itemize}
mapped into some specific Objectives addressed by the T6.3 task:
\begin{itemize}
\item Validating the compliance of services provided by WP5, "Services",
with specifications and requirements defined by the Science Demonstrators in WP4,
"Science Demonstrators"
\item Defining and setting up distributed Interoperability Pilots, involving
multiple infrastructures, providers and scientific communities, with the purpose
of validating the WP5 service portfolio.
\end{itemize}
\section{Activities and Achievements}
\label{sec:activities}
During 2018 the main activities coordinated by INFN-CNAF were:
\begin{itemize}
\item Support the setup of the Science Demonstrator pilots, following their
interoperability requirements and matching them again with available services and solutions
\item Setup of different pilot addressing different interoperability aspects:
\begin{itemize}
\item Transparent Networking – PiCo2 (Pilot for COnnection between COmputing centers)
\item Grid and Cloud interoperability – pilot demonstrator for one of the HEP experiments
\item AAI – through the setup of a scoped interoperability pilot as part of the
WLCG Authorization WG, AARC and EOSCpilot collaboration
\item Resource Brokering \& orchestration – leveraging INDIGO-DataCloud solutions
\item Data accessibility \& interoperability of underlying storage systems –
distributed Onedata deployment
\end{itemize}
\item Continuous interaction and communication with Science Demonstrators shepherds
in order to collect eventual new requirements result of the activities done in the
implementation of the SDs specific use cases.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Interoperability pilots: Transparent Networking}
The {\bf PiCO2 (Pilot for COnnecting COmputing centers)} is one of the first
interoperability pilots between generic, community agnostic, infrastructures,
especially Tier 1 (National HPC/HTC centers), and Tier 2 (HPC/HTC regional centers).
Its main objective is the automation of frequent, community agnostic, data flow
(many large files) and code exchange between HPC (National, Regional) and HTC (national, grid) infrastructures
During 2018 technical groups have been set up:
\begin{itemize}
\item one for building a network of peer to peer federations between iRODS zones
(data storage service), between Tier 1 \& Tier 2, between Tier 2, and between Tier 2 and the grid
\item one for connecting the infrastructures within a L3VPN network and
monitoring the performance of the network between sites
\item one for facilitating the mobility and use of codes between different
machines, using containers, packages for configuration management, and notebooks
\end{itemize}
In Figure~\ref{fig:1} we see the current status of the project with the sites involved.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=12cm,clip]{pico2_anrep2018.png}
\caption{PiCO2 Layer 3 VPN}
\label{fig:1}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Interoperability pilots: Grid-Cloud interoperability demonstrator
for HEP community}
Dynamic On Demand Analysis Service (DODAS) is a Platform as a Service tool built
combining several solutions and products developed by the INDIGO-DataCloud H2020
project. It has been extensively tested on a dedicated interoperability testbed
under the umbrella of the EOSCpilot project, during the first year of the project.
Although originally designed for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Experiment at
LHC, DODAS has been quickly adopted by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)
astroparticle physics experiment mounted on the ISS as a solution to exploit
opportunistic computing, nowadays an extremely important topic for research
domains where computing needs constantly increase. Given its flexibility and
efficiency, DODAS was selected as one of the Thematic Services that will provide
multi-disciplinary solutions in the EOSC-hub project. An integration and management
system of the European Open Science Cloud starting in January 2018.
During the integration pilot the usage of any cloud (both public and private)
to seamlessly integrate existing Grid computing model of CMS was demonstrated.
Overall, integration has been successful and much experience has been gained
resulting in improved understanding of weaknesses and aspects to improve and to optimise.
Weaknesses, and aspects to be improved include:
\begin{itemize}
\item Federation: federated access to underlying IaaS is a key. So far we ha€™ve
experienced several issues. Frequently we had issues with the IaaS provider
already using OpenID Connect Authorisation Server and thus unable to federate
additional services. We adopted ESACO solution to solve such a problem. It
would be crucial to have it as a EOSC provided service.
\begin{itemize}
\item for non-proprietary IaaSs would be extremely important in the EOSC
landscape. A scenario where, as example, a commercial cloud is used, would
benefit of such functionality for counting the overall HEPSpec .
\end{itemize}
\item Transparent Data Access: so far the only scalable solution we can use is
XrootD . However, this might not fit all possible use cases. A more generic
solution would be a big plus.
\item Resource monitoring: we didn'€™t find a common solution for monitoring
cloud resources. Although we implemented our own we are convinced that a
common strategy would be extremely valuable.
\item PaaS Orchestration: Although the current INDIGO PaaS Orchestrator has
been fully integrated and show enormous advantages while dealing with multiple
IaaSs, there is room for improvement both in the interface and in the management
of IaaS ranking.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Interoperability pilots: AAI}
The EOSCpilot and AARC (add reference) projects started a collaboration activity
in the field of authorisation and authentication, policies and recommendations
regarding their design, that took shape, in the scope of the WP6 activities,
under the form of an AAI interoperability demonstrator setup as part of the
AARC pilots Task 1: {\bf Pilots with research communities based on use cases
provided - the WLCG use case}, regarding the {\it “Implementation of IdP/SP Proxy,
mainly to provide Token Translation Services to allow end users to login without
the need of manually managing X.509 certificates}. A team of people was formed,
under the WLCG coordination, to deal with the various activities, the {\bf WLCG
Authorisation WorkingGroup (WG)}, motivated by:
\begin{itemize}
\item Evolving Identity Landscape
\begin{itemize}
\item User-owned x509 certificates -> Federated Identities
\item Federated Identities linkage with existing VOMS authorisations not supported
\item Maintaining assurance and identity vetting for federated users not supported
\end{itemize}
\item Central User Blocking
\begin{itemize}
\item Retirement of glexec removes blocking capability (\& traceability)
\item VO-level blocking not a realistic sanction
\end{itemize}
\item Data Protection
\begin{itemize}
\item Tightening of data protection (GDPR) requires fine-grained user level
access control
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
The federated identities and the adoption of new authorisation standards by industry
is a strong signal for WLCG to adapt its authorisation infrastructure, of which
we can see the schema in Figure~\ref{fig:2}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=12cm,clip]{aai_anrepo2018.png}
\caption{WLCG AAI system}
\label{fig:2}
\end{figure}
After an initial requirements gathering , and analysis of how existing solutions
functionalities match the requirements , two main activities started:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Design and testing of a WLCG Membership Management and Token Translation
service, facilitated by pilot projects with the support of AARC (AAI Pilot Projects)
\item Definition of a token based authorization schema for downstream WLCG
services and token issuers (JWT)
\end{enumerate}
The activities done during 2018 regarded the:
\begin{itemize}
\item IAM instance deployed @ INFN-CNAF since January 2018 to showcase
main features and integration capabilities of the INDIGO-IAM service (figure~\ref{fig:3})
\begin{itemize}
\item https://wlcg-authz-wg.cloud.cnaf.infn.it/login
\end{itemize}
\item The migration of this deployment to CERN infrastructure for further
validation \& feedback on
\begin{itemize}
\item RCAuth.eu and CERN HR database integration
\item Registration \& administration management functionality
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm,clip]{aai_2_anrepo2018.png}
\caption{INDIGO-IAM service architecture}
\label{fig:3}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Data Interoperability Demonstrators}
One of the two tracks into which interoperability is mapped in the EOSCpilot WP6
is the Research and Data Interoperability track, task T6.2 that provides the research
infrastructure and domain expert view in the work programme with focus on data
interoperability.
T6.2 aims to {\bf establish principles and develop mechanisms} that enable the EOSC to
provide research and data interoperability across the diversity of existing
(and potential future) research communities, research infrastructures and
other research organisations. It
\begin{itemize}
\item analyses the existing interoperation mechanisms for
data, software components, workflows, users and resource access with particular
attention to the use of standards and their syntactic and semantic representations.
\item provides the knowledge management framework - the content descriptions -
consumed by the services established in WP5 and technical interoperability
defined in task 6.1 and 6.3.
\item gathers requirements from the participating RIs and science partners
\item is organised following the FAIR principles, and address the
Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability of research assets.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=12cm,clip]{t6_2_anrepo2018.png}
\caption{Data Interoperability activities plan}
\label{fig:4}
\end{figure}
After the delivery of the first draft of the strategy and recommendations done in
2017 and beginning of 2018, four data interoperability demonstrators have been
proposed to test components of the strategy:
\begin{itemize}
\item Evaluation of the EDMI (EOSC Datasets Minimum Information) metadata guidelines to find and access datasets 

\item Discovery of compliant data resources and metadata catalogues 

\item Research schemas for exposing dataset metadata 

\item Description and guidelines per metadata property 

\end{itemize}
Our role during 2018 was to:
\begin{itemize}
\item Facilitate \& Support through
\begin{itemize}
\item Integration of the feedback from demonstrators into the
EOSCpilot data interoperability strategy
\item Organisation of phone calls, F2F meetings and other events to help delivering the proposed tasks
\item Track the outcomes produced by the data interoperability demonstrators
\item Promote the activities and results of the demonstrators and work on
ways to recognise the contribution of the demonstrator participants.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\section{Other activities}
During 2018 we contributed also to the writing of two of the project deliverables
summarizing the activities done:
\begin{itemize}
\item {\bf D6.5: Interim Interoperability Testbed report} - highlighting
the status of all Science Demonstrators testbeds and activities, most of them
in line with what planned initially, some of them requiring extensions in order
to finalise the work.
\item {\bf D6.7: Revised Requirements of the Interoperability Testbeds} - providing
an updated picture of the different actors involved in the EOSCpilot project,
that, through their activities, aim in shaping the EOSC environment,
improving the services and e-infrastructures it consists of, and also provide
requirements and recommendations, based on the experiences they gained during
the project, to help in the prioritisation of the new features of the existing
services and of the development of new services that are aligned with the needs
and expectations of researchers.
\end{itemize}
\section{Conclusions}
After the collection of the initial requirements on the interoperability testbeds,
reported in deliverable D6.4, at the end of 2017, the activities continued on
supporting the projects Science Demonstrators and an interim report on the
status of the testbeds was provided in the D6.5 deliverable. In the second part
of the project after the first round of selected Science Demonstrators were almost
at the end of their activities, while the second round was at the beginning, an
updated list of requirements regarding interoperability aspects was provided in
the deliverable D6.7.
The activities of the Interoperability Pilots task will be concluded during the first part of 2019
by providing the validation of the e-infrastructures and services deployed. For this
final assessment we will take into considerations the tools/services developed as
part of other EC projects to implement the interoperability aspects, e.g. the
Interoperability (IOP) Quick Assessment Toolkit (add reference), developed in the
context of Action 2.1 of the Interoperability Solutions for European Public
Administrations (ISA) Programme (add reference)
\section*{Acknowledgments}
EOSCpilot has been funded by the European Commission H2020 research and innovation
program under grant agreement RIA 739563.
\end{document}
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% FOOTNOTES
%\renewcommand\footnoterule{%
% \kern-3\p@
% \hrule\@width.4\columnwidth
% \kern2.6\p@}
%\newcommand\@makefntext[1]{%
% \parindent 1em%
% \noindent
% \hb@xt@1.8em{\hss\@makefnmark}#1}
% Footnotes: symbols selected in same order as address indicators
% unless optional argument of [<num>] use to specify required symbol,
% 1=\dag, 2=\ddag, etc
% Usage: \footnote{Text of footnote}
% \footnote[3]{Text of footnote}
%
\def\footnoterule{}%
\setcounter{footnote}{0}
\long\def\@makefntext#1{\parindent 1em\noindent
\makebox[1em][l]{\footnotesize\rm$\m@th{\fnsymbol{footnote}}$}%
\footnotesize\rm #1}
\def\@makefnmark{\normalfnmark}
\def\normalfnmark{\hbox{${\fnsymbol{footnote}}\m@th$}}
\def\altfnmark{\hbox{$^{\rm Note}\ {\fnsymbol{footnote}}\m@th$}}
\def\footNote#1{\let\@makefnmark\altfnmark\footnote{#1}\let\@makefnmark\normalfnmark}
\def\@thefnmark{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
\def\footnote{\protect\pfootnote}
\def\pfootnote{\@ifnextchar[{\@xfootnote}{\stepcounter{\@mpfn}%
\begingroup\let\protect\noexpand
\xdef\@thefnmark{\thempfn}\endgroup
\@footnotemark\@footnotetext}}
\def\@xfootnote[#1]{\setcounter{footnote}{#1}%
\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}\footnote}
\newcommand\ftnote{\protect\pftnote}
\newcommand\pftnote[1]{\setcounter{footnote}{#1}%
\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}\footnote}
\newcommand{\fnm}[1]{\setcounter{footnote}{#1}\footnotetext}
\def\@fnsymbol#1{\ifnum\thefootnote=99\hbox{*}\else^{\thefootnote}\fi\relax}
%
% Address marker
%
\newcommand{\ad}[1]{\noindent\hbox{$^{#1}$}\relax}
\newcommand{\adnote}[2]{\noindent\hbox{$^{#1,}$}\setcounter{footnote}{#2}%
\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}\footnote}
\def\@tnote{}
\newcounter{oldftnote}
\newcommand{\tnote}[1]{*\gdef\@tnote{%
\setcounter{oldftnote}{\c@footnote}%
\setcounter{footnote}{99}%
\footnotetext{#1}%
\setcounter{footnote}{\c@oldftnote}\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}}}
%==================
% Acknowledgments (no heading if letter)
% Usage \ack for Acknowledgments, \ackn for Acknowledgement
\def\ack{\section*{Acknowledgments}}
\def\ackn{\section*{Acknowledgment}}
%SECTION DEFINITIONS
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
\newcounter {section}
\newcounter {subsection}[section]
\newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection]
\newcounter {paragraph}[subsubsection]
\newcounter {subparagraph}[paragraph]
\renewcommand \thesection {\arabic{section}}
\renewcommand\thesubsection {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
\renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection .\arabic{subsubsection}}
\renewcommand\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}}
\renewcommand\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}
%\nosections
\def\nosections{\vspace{30\p@ plus12\p@ minus12\p@}
\noindent\ignorespaces}
%\renewcommand{\@startsection}[6]
%{%
%\if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi
%\par
% \@tempskipa #4\relax
%%\@tempskipa 0pt\relax
% \@afterindenttrue
% \ifdim \@tempskipa <\z@
% \@tempskipa -\@tempskipa \@afterindentfalse
% \fi
% \if@nobreak
% \everypar{}%
% \else
% \addpenalty\@secpenalty\addvspace\@tempskipa
% \fi
% \@ifstar
% {\@ssect{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}%
% {\@dblarg{\@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}}}
%\renewcommand{\@sect}[8]{%
% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
% \let\@svsec\@empty
% \else
% \refstepcounter{#1}%
% \protected@edef\@svsec{\@seccntformat{#1}\relax}%
% \fi
% \@tempskipa #5\relax
% \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
% \begingroup
% #6{%
% \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}%
% \interlinepenalty \@M #8\@@par}%
% \endgroup
% \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
% \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
% \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
% \fi
% #7}%
% \else
% \def\@svsechd{%
% #6{\hskip #3\relax
% \@svsec #8}%
% \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
% \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
% \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
% \fi
% #7}}%
% \fi
% \@xsect{#5}}
%\renewcommand{\@xsect}[1]{%
% \@tempskipa #1\relax
% \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
% \par \nobreak
% \vskip \@tempskipa
% \@afterheading
% \else
% \@nobreakfalse
% \global\@noskipsectrue
% \everypar{%
% \if@noskipsec
% \global\@noskipsecfalse
% {\setbox\z@\lastbox}%
% \clubpenalty\@M
% \begingroup \@svsechd \endgroup
% \unskip
% \@tempskipa #1\relax
% \hskip -\@tempskipa
% \else
% \clubpenalty \@clubpenalty
% \everypar{}%
% \fi}%
% \fi
% \ignorespaces}
%========================================================================
\newcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{1sp}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries\raggedright}}
\newcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{1sp}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape\raggedright}}
\newcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{-1em \@plus .2em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape}}
\newcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
{3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus.2ex}%
{-1em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape}}
\newcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
{3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
{-1em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape}}
\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
\let\@svsec\@empty\else
\refstepcounter{#1}\edef\@svsec{\csname the#1\endcsname. }\fi
\@tempskipa #5\relax
\ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
\begingroup #6\relax
\noindent{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}{\interlinepenalty \@M #8\par}%
\endgroup
\csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}\addcontentsline
{toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
\protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi
#7}\else
\def\@svsechd{#6\hskip #3\relax %% \relax added 2 May 90
\@svsec #8\csname #1mark\endcsname
{#7}\addcontentsline
{toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
\protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi
#7}}\fi
\@xsect{#5}}
%
\def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{\@tempskipa #3\relax
\ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
\begingroup #4\noindent{\hskip #1}{\interlinepenalty \@M #5\par}\endgroup
\else \def\@svsechd{#4\hskip #1\relax #5}\fi
\@xsect{#3}}
% LIST DEFINITIONS
\setlength\leftmargini {2em}
\leftmargin \leftmargini
\setlength\leftmarginii {2em}
\setlength\leftmarginiii {1.8em}
\setlength\leftmarginiv {1.6em}
\setlength\leftmarginv {1em}
\setlength\leftmarginvi {1em}
\setlength\leftmargin{\leftmargini}
\setlength \labelsep {.5em}
\setlength \labelwidth{\leftmargini}
\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep}
\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty
\renewcommand\theenumi{\roman{enumi}}
\renewcommand\theenumii{\alph{enumii}}
\renewcommand\theenumiii{\arabic{enumiii}}
\renewcommand\theenumiv{\Alph{enumiv}}
\newcommand\labelenumi{(\theenumi)}
\newcommand\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
\newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
\newcommand\labelenumiv{(\theenumiv)}
\renewcommand\p@enumii{(\theenumi)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiii{(\theenumi.\theenumii)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiv{(\theenumi.\theenumii.\theenumiii)}
\newcommand\labelitemi{$\m@th\bullet$}
\newcommand\labelitemii{\normalfont\bfseries --}
\newcommand\labelitemiii{$\m@th\ast$}
\newcommand\labelitemiv{$\m@th\cdot$}
\renewcommand \theequation {\@arabic\c@equation}
%%%%%%%%%%%%% Figures
\newcounter{figure}
\renewcommand\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
\def\fps@figure{tbp}
\def\ftype@figure{1}
\def\ext@figure{lof}
\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
\newenvironment{figure}{\footnotesize\rm\@float{figure}}%
{\end@float\normalsize\rm}
\newenvironment{figure*}{\footnotesize\rm\@dblfloat{figure}}{\end@dblfloat}
\newcounter{table}
\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
\def\fps@table{tbp}
\def\ftype@table{2}
\def\ext@table{lot}
\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
\newenvironment{table}{\footnotesize\rm\@float{table}}%
{\end@float\normalsize\rm}
\newenvironment{table*}{\footnotesize\rm\@dblfloat{table}}%
{\end@dblfloat\normalsize\rm}
\newlength\abovecaptionskip
\newlength\belowcaptionskip
\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
%Table Environments
%\newenvironment{tableref}[3][\textwidth]{%
%\begin{center}%
%\begin{table}%
%\captionsetup[table]{width=#1}
%\centering\caption{\label{#2}#3}}{\end{table}\end{center}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\newcounter{figure}
%\renewcommand \thefigure {\@arabic\c@figure}
%\def\fps@figure{tbp}
%\def\ftype@figure{1}
%\def\ext@figure{lof}
%\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
%ENVIRONMENT: figure
%\newenvironment{figure}
% {\@float{figure}}
% {\end@float}
%ENVIRONMENT: figure*
%\newenvironment{figure*}
% {\@dblfloat{figure}}
% {\end@dblfloat}
%ENVIRONMENT: table
%\newcounter{table}
%\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
%\def\fps@table{tbp}
%\def\ftype@table{2}
%\def\ext@table{lot}
%\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
%\newenvironment{table}
% {\@float{table}}
% {\end@float}
%ENVIRONMENT: table*
%\newenvironment{table*}
% {\@dblfloat{table}}
% {\end@dblfloat}
%\newlength\abovecaptionskip
%\newlength\belowcaptionskip
%\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
%\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
% CAPTIONS
% Added redefinition of \@caption so captions are not written to
% aux file therefore less need to \protect fragile commands
%
\long\def\@caption#1[#2]#3{\par\begingroup
\@parboxrestore
\normalsize
\@makecaption{\csname fnum@#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #3}\par
\endgroup}
\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
\vskip\abovecaptionskip
\sbox\@tempboxa{{\bf #1.} #2}%
\ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize
{\bf #1.} #2\par
\else
\global \@minipagefalse
\hb@xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
\fi
\vskip\belowcaptionskip}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\cal{\@fontswitch\relax\mathcal}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\mit{\@fontswitch\relax\mathnormal}
%\newcommand\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
%\newcommand\@tocrmarg{2.55em}
%\newcommand\@dotsep{4.5}
%\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
%\newcommand\tableofcontents{%
% \section*{\contentsname
% \@mkboth{%
% \MakeUppercase\contentsname}{\MakeUppercase\contentsname}}%
% \@starttoc{toc}%
% }
%\newcommand*\l@part[2]{%
% \ifnum \c@tocdepth >-2\relax
% \addpenalty\@secpenalty
% \addvspace{2.25em \@plus\p@}%
% \begingroup
% \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
% \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
% {\leavevmode
% \large \bfseries #1\hfil \hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par
% \nobreak
% \if@compatibility
% \global\@nobreaktrue
% \everypar{\global\@nobreakfalse\everypar{}}%
% \fi
% \endgroup
% \fi}
%\newcommand*\l@section[2]{%
% \ifnum \c@tocdepth >\z@
% \addpenalty\@secpenalty
% \addvspace{1.0em \@plus\p@}%
% \setlength\@tempdima{1.5em}%
% \begingroup
% \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
% \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
% \leavevmode \bfseries
% \advance\leftskip\@tempdima
% \hskip -\leftskip
% #1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
% \endgroup
% \fi}
%\newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
%\newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
%\newcommand*\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
%\newcommand*\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
%\newcommand\listoffigures{%
% \section*{\listfigurename
% \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}%
% {\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}}%
% \@starttoc{lof}%
% }
%\newcommand*\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
%\newcommand\listoftables{%
% \section*{\listtablename
% \@mkboth{%
% \MakeUppercase\listtablename}{\MakeUppercase\listtablename}}%
% \@starttoc{lot}%
% }
%\let\l@table\l@figure
%======================================
%ENVIRONMENTS
%======================================
%ENVIRONMENT: indented
\newenvironment{indented}{\begin{indented}}{\end{indented}}
\newenvironment{varindent}[1]{\begin{varindent}{#1}}{\end{varindent}}
%
\def\indented{\list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\mathindent\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
\parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}
\let\endindented=\endlist
\def\varindent#1{\setlength{\varind}{#1}%
\list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\varind\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
\parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}
\let\endvarindent=\endlist
%ENVIRONMENT: abstract
\newenvironment{abstract}{%
\vspace{16pt plus3pt minus3pt}
\begin{indented}
\item[]{\bfseries \abstractname.}\quad\rm\ignorespaces}
{\end{indented}\vspace{10mm}}
%ENVIRONMENT: description
\newenvironment{description}
{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}
{\endlist}
\newcommand\descriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
\normalfont\bfseries #1}
%ENVIRONMENT: quotation
\newenvironment{quotation}
{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
\itemindent \listparindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\parsep \z@ \@plus\p@}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: quote
\newenvironment{quote}
{\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: verse
\newenvironment{verse}
{\let\\=\@centercr
\list{}{\itemsep \z@
\itemindent -1.5em%
\listparindent\itemindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: bibliography
\newdimen\bibindent
\setlength\bibindent{1.5em}
\def\thebibliography#1{\list
{\hfil[\arabic{enumi}]}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
\partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@
\labelsep=5\p@\itemindent=-10\p@
\settowidth\labelwidth{\footnotesize[#1]}%
\leftmargin\labelwidth
\advance\leftmargin\labelsep
\advance\leftmargin -\itemindent
\usecounter{enumi}}\footnotesize
\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
\def\numrefs#1{\begin{thebibliography}{#1}}
\def\endnumrefs{\end{thebibliography}}
\let\endbib=\endnumrefs
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\newenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
% {\section*{References}
% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
% \leftmargin\labelwidth
% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
% \@openbib@code
% \usecounter{enumiv}%
% \let\p@enumiv\@empty
% \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
% \sloppy
% \clubpenalty4000
% \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
% \widowpenalty4000%
% \sfcode`\.\@m}
% {\def\@noitemerr
% {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
% \endlist}
%\newcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em\@plus.33em\@minus.07em}
%\let\@openbib@code\@empty
%ENVIRONMENT: theindex
\newenvironment{theindex}
{\if@twocolumn
\@restonecolfalse
\else
\@restonecoltrue
\fi
\columnseprule \z@
\columnsep 35\p@
\twocolumn[\section*{\indexname}]%
\@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
\thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
\parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
\let\item\@idxitem}
{\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
\newcommand\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@}
\newcommand\subitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{20\p@}}
\newcommand\subsubitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{30\p@}}
\newcommand\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ \@plus5\p@ \@minus3\p@\relax}
%=====================
\def\appendix{\@ifnextchar*{\@appendixstar}{\@appendix}}
\def\@appendix{\eqnobysec\@appendixstar}
\def\@appendixstar{\@@par
\ifnumbysec % Added 30/4/94 to get Table A1,
\@addtoreset{table}{section} % Table B1 etc if numbering by
\@addtoreset{figure}{section}\fi % section
\setcounter{section}{0}
\setcounter{subsection}{0}
\setcounter{subsubsection}{0}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\setcounter{figure}{0}
\setcounter{table}{0}
\def\thesection{Appendix \Alph{section}}
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\Alph{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
\Alph{section}\arabic{equation}\fi} % Comment A\arabic{equation} maybe
\def\thetable{\ifnumbysec % better? 15/4/95
\Alph{section}\arabic{table}\else
A\arabic{table}\fi}
\def\thefigure{\ifnumbysec
\Alph{section}\arabic{figure}\else
A\arabic{figure}\fi}}
\def\noappendix{\setcounter{figure}{0}
\setcounter{table}{0}
\def\thetable{\arabic{table}}
\def\thefigure{\arabic{figure}}}
\setlength\arraycolsep{5\p@}
\setlength\tabcolsep{6\p@}
\setlength\arrayrulewidth{.4\p@}
\setlength\doublerulesep{2\p@}
\setlength\tabbingsep{\labelsep}
\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
\setlength\fboxsep{3\p@}
\setlength\fboxrule{.4\p@}
\renewcommand\theequation{\arabic{equation}}
% NAME OF STRUCTURES
\newcommand\contentsname{Contents}
\newcommand\listfigurename{List of Figures}
\newcommand\listtablename{List of Tables}
\newcommand\refname{References}
\newcommand\indexname{Index}
\newcommand\figurename{Figure}
\newcommand\tablename{Table}
\newcommand\partname{Part}
\newcommand\appendixname{Appendix}
\newcommand\abstractname{Abstract}
%Miscellaneous commands
\newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
\newcommand{\jpcsit}{{\bfseries\itshape\selectfont Journal of Physics: Conference Series}}
\newcommand{\jpcs}{{\itshape\selectfont Journal of Physics: Conference Series}}
\newcommand{\iopp}{IOP Publishing}
\newcommand{\cls}{{\upshape\selectfont\texttt{jpconf.cls}}}
\newcommand{\corg}{conference organizer}
\newcommand\today{\number\day\space\ifcase\month\or
January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
\space\number\year}
\setlength\columnsep{10\p@}
\setlength\columnseprule{0\p@}
\newcommand{\Tables}{\clearpage\section*{Tables and table captions}
\def\fps@table{hp}\noappendix}
\newcommand{\Figures}{\clearpage\section*{Figure captions}
\def\fps@figure{hp}\noappendix}
%
\newcommand{\Figure}[1]{\begin{figure}
\caption{#1}
\end{figure}}
%
\newcommand{\Table}[1]{\begin{table}
\caption{#1}
\begin{indented}
\lineup
\item[]\begin{tabular}{@{}l*{15}{l}}}
\def\endTable{\end{tabular}\end{indented}\end{table}}
\let\endtab=\endTable
%
\newcommand{\fulltable}[1]{\begin{table}
\caption{#1}
\lineup
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{}l*{15}{@{\extracolsep{0pt plus 12pt}}l}}}
\def\endfulltable{\end{tabular*}\end{table}}
%BIBLIOGRAPHY and References
%\newcommand{\Bibliography}[1]{\section*{References}\par\numrefs{#1}}
%\newcommand{\References}{\section*{References}\par\refs}
%\def\thebibliography#1{\list
% {\hfil[\arabic{enumi}]}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
% \partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@
% \labelsep=5\p@\itemindent=-10\p@
% \settowidth\labelwidth{\footnotesize[#1]}%
% \leftmargin\labelwidth
% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
% \advance\leftmargin -\itemindent
% \usecounter{enumi}}\footnotesize
% \def\newblock{\ }
% \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
% \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
%\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
%\def\numrefs#1{\begin{thebibliography}{#1}}
%\def\endnumrefs{\end{thebibliography}}
%\let\endbib=\endnumrefs
\def\thereferences{\list{}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
\partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=-18\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=18\p@
}\footnotesize\rm
\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax}%
\let\endthereferences=\endlist
% MISC EQUATRION STUFF
%\def\[{\relax\ifmmode\@badmath\else
% \begin{trivlist}
% \@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
% \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
% \item[]\leavevmode
% \hbox to\linewidth\bgroup$ \displaystyle
% \hskip\mathindent\bgroup\fi}
%\def\]{\relax\ifmmode \egroup $\hfil \egroup \end{trivlist}\else \@badmath \fi}
%\def\equation{\@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
% \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
%\refstepcounter{equation}\trivlist \item[]\leavevmode
% \hbox to\linewidth\bgroup $ \displaystyle
%\hskip\mathindent}
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%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Tables rules %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%
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%
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%
% abbreviations for IOPP journals
%
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\newcommand{\CTM}{{\it Combust. Theory Modelling\/} }
\newcommand{\DSE}{{\it Distrib. Syst. Engng\/} }
\newcommand{\EJP}{{\it Eur. J. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\HPP}{{\it High Perform. Polym.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\IP}{{\it Inverse Problems\/} }
\newcommand{\JHM}{{\it J. Hard Mater.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\JO}{{\it J. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\JOA}{{\it J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\JOB}{{\it J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\JPA}{{\it J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.} }
\newcommand{\JPB}{{\it J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys.} } %1968-87
\newcommand{\jpb}{{\it J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.} } %1988 and onwards
\newcommand{\JPC}{{\it J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys.} } %1968--1988
\newcommand{\JPCM}{{\it J. Phys.: Condens. Matter\/} } %1989 and onwards
\newcommand{\JPD}{{\it J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JPE}{{\it J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum.} }
\newcommand{\JPF}{{\it J. Phys. F: Met. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JPG}{{\it J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys.} } %1975--1988
\newcommand{\jpg}{{\it J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.} } %1989 and onwards
\newcommand{\MSMSE}{{\it Modelling Simulation Mater. Sci. Eng.} }
\newcommand{\MST}{{\it Meas. Sci. Technol.} } %1990 and onwards
\newcommand{\NET}{{\it Network: Comput. Neural Syst.} }
\newcommand{\NJP}{{\it New J. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\NL}{{\it Nonlinearity\/} }
\newcommand{\NT}{{\it Nanotechnology} }
\newcommand{\PAO}{{\it Pure Appl. Optics\/} }
\newcommand{\PM}{{\it Physiol. Meas.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\PMB}{{\it Phys. Med. Biol.} }
\newcommand{\PPCF}{{\it Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion\/} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\PSST}{{\it Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.} }
\newcommand{\PUS}{{\it Public Understand. Sci.} }
\newcommand{\QO}{{\it Quantum Opt.} }
\newcommand{\QSO}{{\em Quantum Semiclass. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\RPP}{{\it Rep. Prog. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\SLC}{{\it Sov. Lightwave Commun.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\SST}{{\it Semicond. Sci. Technol.} }
\newcommand{\SUST}{{\it Supercond. Sci. Technol.} }
\newcommand{\WRM}{{\it Waves Random Media\/} }
\newcommand{\JMM}{{\it J. Micromech. Microeng.\/} }
%
% Other commonly quoted journals
%
\newcommand{\AC}{{\it Acta Crystallogr.} }
\newcommand{\AM}{{\it Acta Metall.} }
\newcommand{\AP}{{\it Ann. Phys., Lpz.} }
\newcommand{\APNY}{{\it Ann. Phys., NY\/} }
\newcommand{\APP}{{\it Ann. Phys., Paris\/} }
\newcommand{\CJP}{{\it Can. J. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JAP}{{\it J. Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JCP}{{\it J. Chem. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JJAP}{{\it Japan. J. Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JP}{{\it J. Physique\/} }
\newcommand{\JPhCh}{{\it J. Phys. Chem.} }
\newcommand{\JMMM}{{\it J. Magn. Magn. Mater.} }
\newcommand{\JMP}{{\it J. Math. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JOSA}{{\it J. Opt. Soc. Am.} }
\newcommand{\JPSJ}{{\it J. Phys. Soc. Japan\/} }
\newcommand{\JQSRT}{{\it J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer\/} }
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\newcommand{\NIM}{{\it Nucl. Instrum. Methods\/} }
\newcommand{\NP}{{\it Nucl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\PL}{{\it Phys. Lett.} }
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\newcommand{\PS}{{\it Phys. Scr.} }
\newcommand{\PSS}{{\it Phys. Status Solidi\/} }
\newcommand{\PTRS}{{\it Phil. Trans. R. Soc.} }
\newcommand{\RMP}{{\it Rev. Mod. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\RSI}{{\it Rev. Sci. Instrum.} }
\newcommand{\SSC}{{\it Solid State Commun.} }
\newcommand{\ZP}{{\it Z. Phys.} }
%===================
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%%
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%%
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%%
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\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
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[2007/03/07 v1.1
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\vspace*{1.5pc}%
\begin{indented}%
\item[]\normalsize\bf\raggedright#1
\end{indented}%
\smallskip}
%E-MAIL
\def\eads#1{\vspace*{5pt}\address{E-mail: #1}}
\def\ead#1{\vspace*{5pt}\address{E-mail: \mailto{#1}}}
\def\mailto#1{{\tt #1}}
%ADDRESS
\newcommand{\address}[1]{\begin{indented}
\item[]\rm\raggedright #1
\end{indented}}
\newlength{\indentedwidth}
\newdimen\mathindent
\mathindent = 6pc
\indentedwidth=\mathindent
% FOOTNOTES
%\renewcommand\footnoterule{%
% \kern-3\p@
% \hrule\@width.4\columnwidth
% \kern2.6\p@}
%\newcommand\@makefntext[1]{%
% \parindent 1em%
% \noindent
% \hb@xt@1.8em{\hss\@makefnmark}#1}
% Footnotes: symbols selected in same order as address indicators
% unless optional argument of [<num>] use to specify required symbol,
% 1=\dag, 2=\ddag, etc
% Usage: \footnote{Text of footnote}
% \footnote[3]{Text of footnote}
%
\def\footnoterule{}%
\setcounter{footnote}{0}
\long\def\@makefntext#1{\parindent 1em\noindent
\makebox[1em][l]{\footnotesize\rm$\m@th{\fnsymbol{footnote}}$}%
\footnotesize\rm #1}
\def\@makefnmark{\normalfnmark}
\def\normalfnmark{\hbox{${\fnsymbol{footnote}}\m@th$}}
\def\altfnmark{\hbox{$^{\rm Note}\ {\fnsymbol{footnote}}\m@th$}}
\def\footNote#1{\let\@makefnmark\altfnmark\footnote{#1}\let\@makefnmark\normalfnmark}
\def\@thefnmark{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
\def\footnote{\protect\pfootnote}
\def\pfootnote{\@ifnextchar[{\@xfootnote}{\stepcounter{\@mpfn}%
\begingroup\let\protect\noexpand
\xdef\@thefnmark{\thempfn}\endgroup
\@footnotemark\@footnotetext}}
\def\@xfootnote[#1]{\setcounter{footnote}{#1}%
\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}\footnote}
\newcommand\ftnote{\protect\pftnote}
\newcommand\pftnote[1]{\setcounter{footnote}{#1}%
\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}\footnote}
\newcommand{\fnm}[1]{\setcounter{footnote}{#1}\footnotetext}
\def\@fnsymbol#1{\ifnum\thefootnote=99\hbox{*}\else^{\thefootnote}\fi\relax}
%
% Address marker
%
\newcommand{\ad}[1]{\noindent\hbox{$^{#1}$}\relax}
\newcommand{\adnote}[2]{\noindent\hbox{$^{#1,}$}\setcounter{footnote}{#2}%
\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}\footnote}
\def\@tnote{}
\newcounter{oldftnote}
\newcommand{\tnote}[1]{*\gdef\@tnote{%
\setcounter{oldftnote}{\c@footnote}%
\setcounter{footnote}{99}%
\footnotetext{#1}%
\setcounter{footnote}{\c@oldftnote}\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}}}
%==================
% Acknowledgments (no heading if letter)
% Usage \ack for Acknowledgments, \ackn for Acknowledgement
\def\ack{\section*{Acknowledgments}}
\def\ackn{\section*{Acknowledgment}}
%SECTION DEFINITIONS
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
\newcounter {section}
\newcounter {subsection}[section]
\newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection]
\newcounter {paragraph}[subsubsection]
\newcounter {subparagraph}[paragraph]
\renewcommand \thesection {\arabic{section}}
\renewcommand\thesubsection {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
\renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection .\arabic{subsubsection}}
\renewcommand\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}}
\renewcommand\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}
%\nosections
\def\nosections{\vspace{30\p@ plus12\p@ minus12\p@}
\noindent\ignorespaces}
%\renewcommand{\@startsection}[6]
%{%
%\if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi
%\par
% \@tempskipa #4\relax
%%\@tempskipa 0pt\relax
% \@afterindenttrue
% \ifdim \@tempskipa <\z@
% \@tempskipa -\@tempskipa \@afterindentfalse
% \fi
% \if@nobreak
% \everypar{}%
% \else
% \addpenalty\@secpenalty\addvspace\@tempskipa
% \fi
% \@ifstar
% {\@ssect{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}%
% {\@dblarg{\@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}}}
%\renewcommand{\@sect}[8]{%
% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
% \let\@svsec\@empty
% \else
% \refstepcounter{#1}%
% \protected@edef\@svsec{\@seccntformat{#1}\relax}%
% \fi
% \@tempskipa #5\relax
% \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
% \begingroup
% #6{%
% \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}%
% \interlinepenalty \@M #8\@@par}%
% \endgroup
% \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
% \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
% \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
% \fi
% #7}%
% \else
% \def\@svsechd{%
% #6{\hskip #3\relax
% \@svsec #8}%
% \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
% \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
% \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
% \fi
% #7}}%
% \fi
% \@xsect{#5}}
%\renewcommand{\@xsect}[1]{%
% \@tempskipa #1\relax
% \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
% \par \nobreak
% \vskip \@tempskipa
% \@afterheading
% \else
% \@nobreakfalse
% \global\@noskipsectrue
% \everypar{%
% \if@noskipsec
% \global\@noskipsecfalse
% {\setbox\z@\lastbox}%
% \clubpenalty\@M
% \begingroup \@svsechd \endgroup
% \unskip
% \@tempskipa #1\relax
% \hskip -\@tempskipa
% \else
% \clubpenalty \@clubpenalty
% \everypar{}%
% \fi}%
% \fi
% \ignorespaces}
%========================================================================
\newcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{1sp}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries\raggedright}}
\newcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{1sp}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape\raggedright}}
\newcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{-1em \@plus .2em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape}}
\newcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
{3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus.2ex}%
{-1em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape}}
\newcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
{3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
{-1em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape}}
\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
\let\@svsec\@empty\else
\refstepcounter{#1}\edef\@svsec{\csname the#1\endcsname. }\fi
\@tempskipa #5\relax
\ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
\begingroup #6\relax
\noindent{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}{\interlinepenalty \@M #8\par}%
\endgroup
\csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}\addcontentsline
{toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
\protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi
#7}\else
\def\@svsechd{#6\hskip #3\relax %% \relax added 2 May 90
\@svsec #8\csname #1mark\endcsname
{#7}\addcontentsline
{toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
\protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi
#7}}\fi
\@xsect{#5}}
%
\def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{\@tempskipa #3\relax
\ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
\begingroup #4\noindent{\hskip #1}{\interlinepenalty \@M #5\par}\endgroup
\else \def\@svsechd{#4\hskip #1\relax #5}\fi
\@xsect{#3}}
% LIST DEFINITIONS
\setlength\leftmargini {2em}
\leftmargin \leftmargini
\setlength\leftmarginii {2em}
\setlength\leftmarginiii {1.8em}
\setlength\leftmarginiv {1.6em}
\setlength\leftmarginv {1em}
\setlength\leftmarginvi {1em}
\setlength\leftmargin{\leftmargini}
\setlength \labelsep {.5em}
\setlength \labelwidth{\leftmargini}
\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep}
\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty
\renewcommand\theenumi{\roman{enumi}}
\renewcommand\theenumii{\alph{enumii}}
\renewcommand\theenumiii{\arabic{enumiii}}
\renewcommand\theenumiv{\Alph{enumiv}}
\newcommand\labelenumi{(\theenumi)}
\newcommand\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
\newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
\newcommand\labelenumiv{(\theenumiv)}
\renewcommand\p@enumii{(\theenumi)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiii{(\theenumi.\theenumii)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiv{(\theenumi.\theenumii.\theenumiii)}
\newcommand\labelitemi{$\m@th\bullet$}
\newcommand\labelitemii{\normalfont\bfseries --}
\newcommand\labelitemiii{$\m@th\ast$}
\newcommand\labelitemiv{$\m@th\cdot$}
\renewcommand \theequation {\@arabic\c@equation}
%%%%%%%%%%%%% Figures
\newcounter{figure}
\renewcommand\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
\def\fps@figure{tbp}
\def\ftype@figure{1}
\def\ext@figure{lof}
\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
\newenvironment{figure}{\footnotesize\rm\@float{figure}}%
{\end@float\normalsize\rm}
\newenvironment{figure*}{\footnotesize\rm\@dblfloat{figure}}{\end@dblfloat}
\newcounter{table}
\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
\def\fps@table{tbp}
\def\ftype@table{2}
\def\ext@table{lot}
\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
\newenvironment{table}{\footnotesize\rm\@float{table}}%
{\end@float\normalsize\rm}
\newenvironment{table*}{\footnotesize\rm\@dblfloat{table}}%
{\end@dblfloat\normalsize\rm}
\newlength\abovecaptionskip
\newlength\belowcaptionskip
\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
%Table Environments
%\newenvironment{tableref}[3][\textwidth]{%
%\begin{center}%
%\begin{table}%
%\captionsetup[table]{width=#1}
%\centering\caption{\label{#2}#3}}{\end{table}\end{center}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\newcounter{figure}
%\renewcommand \thefigure {\@arabic\c@figure}
%\def\fps@figure{tbp}
%\def\ftype@figure{1}
%\def\ext@figure{lof}
%\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
%ENVIRONMENT: figure
%\newenvironment{figure}
% {\@float{figure}}
% {\end@float}
%ENVIRONMENT: figure*
%\newenvironment{figure*}
% {\@dblfloat{figure}}
% {\end@dblfloat}
%ENVIRONMENT: table
%\newcounter{table}
%\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
%\def\fps@table{tbp}
%\def\ftype@table{2}
%\def\ext@table{lot}
%\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
%\newenvironment{table}
% {\@float{table}}
% {\end@float}
%ENVIRONMENT: table*
%\newenvironment{table*}
% {\@dblfloat{table}}
% {\end@dblfloat}
%\newlength\abovecaptionskip
%\newlength\belowcaptionskip
%\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
%\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
% CAPTIONS
% Added redefinition of \@caption so captions are not written to
% aux file therefore less need to \protect fragile commands
%
\long\def\@caption#1[#2]#3{\par\begingroup
\@parboxrestore
\normalsize
\@makecaption{\csname fnum@#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #3}\par
\endgroup}
\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
\vskip\abovecaptionskip
\sbox\@tempboxa{{\bf #1.} #2}%
\ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize
{\bf #1.} #2\par
\else
\global \@minipagefalse
\hb@xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
\fi
\vskip\belowcaptionskip}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\cal{\@fontswitch\relax\mathcal}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\mit{\@fontswitch\relax\mathnormal}
%\newcommand\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
%\newcommand\@tocrmarg{2.55em}
%\newcommand\@dotsep{4.5}
%\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
%\newcommand\tableofcontents{%
% \section*{\contentsname
% \@mkboth{%
% \MakeUppercase\contentsname}{\MakeUppercase\contentsname}}%
% \@starttoc{toc}%
% }
%\newcommand*\l@part[2]{%
% \ifnum \c@tocdepth >-2\relax
% \addpenalty\@secpenalty
% \addvspace{2.25em \@plus\p@}%
% \begingroup
% \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
% \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
% {\leavevmode
% \large \bfseries #1\hfil \hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par
% \nobreak
% \if@compatibility
% \global\@nobreaktrue
% \everypar{\global\@nobreakfalse\everypar{}}%
% \fi
% \endgroup
% \fi}
%\newcommand*\l@section[2]{%
% \ifnum \c@tocdepth >\z@
% \addpenalty\@secpenalty
% \addvspace{1.0em \@plus\p@}%
% \setlength\@tempdima{1.5em}%
% \begingroup
% \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
% \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
% \leavevmode \bfseries
% \advance\leftskip\@tempdima
% \hskip -\leftskip
% #1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
% \endgroup
% \fi}
%\newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
%\newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
%\newcommand*\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
%\newcommand*\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
%\newcommand\listoffigures{%
% \section*{\listfigurename
% \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}%
% {\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}}%
% \@starttoc{lof}%
% }
%\newcommand*\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
%\newcommand\listoftables{%
% \section*{\listtablename
% \@mkboth{%
% \MakeUppercase\listtablename}{\MakeUppercase\listtablename}}%
% \@starttoc{lot}%
% }
%\let\l@table\l@figure
%======================================
%ENVIRONMENTS
%======================================
%ENVIRONMENT: indented
\newenvironment{indented}{\begin{indented}}{\end{indented}}
\newenvironment{varindent}[1]{\begin{varindent}{#1}}{\end{varindent}}
%
\def\indented{\list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\mathindent\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
\parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}
\let\endindented=\endlist
\def\varindent#1{\setlength{\varind}{#1}%
\list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\varind\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
\parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}
\let\endvarindent=\endlist
%ENVIRONMENT: abstract
\newenvironment{abstract}{%
\vspace{16pt plus3pt minus3pt}
\begin{indented}
\item[]{\bfseries \abstractname.}\quad\rm\ignorespaces}
{\end{indented}\vspace{10mm}}
%ENVIRONMENT: description
\newenvironment{description}
{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}
{\endlist}
\newcommand\descriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
\normalfont\bfseries #1}
%ENVIRONMENT: quotation
\newenvironment{quotation}
{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
\itemindent \listparindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\parsep \z@ \@plus\p@}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: quote
\newenvironment{quote}
{\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: verse
\newenvironment{verse}
{\let\\=\@centercr
\list{}{\itemsep \z@
\itemindent -1.5em%
\listparindent\itemindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: bibliography
\newdimen\bibindent
\setlength\bibindent{1.5em}
\def\thebibliography#1{\list
{\hfil[\arabic{enumi}]}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
\partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@
\labelsep=5\p@\itemindent=-10\p@
\settowidth\labelwidth{\footnotesize[#1]}%
\leftmargin\labelwidth
\advance\leftmargin\labelsep
\advance\leftmargin -\itemindent
\usecounter{enumi}}\footnotesize
\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
\def\numrefs#1{\begin{thebibliography}{#1}}
\def\endnumrefs{\end{thebibliography}}
\let\endbib=\endnumrefs
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\newenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
% {\section*{References}
% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
% \leftmargin\labelwidth
% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
% \@openbib@code
% \usecounter{enumiv}%
% \let\p@enumiv\@empty
% \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
% \sloppy
% \clubpenalty4000
% \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
% \widowpenalty4000%
% \sfcode`\.\@m}
% {\def\@noitemerr
% {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
% \endlist}
%\newcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em\@plus.33em\@minus.07em}
%\let\@openbib@code\@empty
%ENVIRONMENT: theindex
\newenvironment{theindex}
{\if@twocolumn
\@restonecolfalse
\else
\@restonecoltrue
\fi
\columnseprule \z@
\columnsep 35\p@
\twocolumn[\section*{\indexname}]%
\@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
\thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
\parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
\let\item\@idxitem}
{\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
\newcommand\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@}
\newcommand\subitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{20\p@}}
\newcommand\subsubitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{30\p@}}
\newcommand\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ \@plus5\p@ \@minus3\p@\relax}
%=====================
\def\appendix{\@ifnextchar*{\@appendixstar}{\@appendix}}
\def\@appendix{\eqnobysec\@appendixstar}
\def\@appendixstar{\@@par
\ifnumbysec % Added 30/4/94 to get Table A1,
\@addtoreset{table}{section} % Table B1 etc if numbering by
\@addtoreset{figure}{section}\fi % section
\setcounter{section}{0}
\setcounter{subsection}{0}
\setcounter{subsubsection}{0}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\setcounter{figure}{0}
\setcounter{table}{0}
\def\thesection{Appendix \Alph{section}}
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\Alph{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
\Alph{section}\arabic{equation}\fi} % Comment A\arabic{equation} maybe
\def\thetable{\ifnumbysec % better? 15/4/95
\Alph{section}\arabic{table}\else
A\arabic{table}\fi}
\def\thefigure{\ifnumbysec
\Alph{section}\arabic{figure}\else
A\arabic{figure}\fi}}
\def\noappendix{\setcounter{figure}{0}
\setcounter{table}{0}
\def\thetable{\arabic{table}}
\def\thefigure{\arabic{figure}}}
\setlength\arraycolsep{5\p@}
\setlength\tabcolsep{6\p@}
\setlength\arrayrulewidth{.4\p@}
\setlength\doublerulesep{2\p@}
\setlength\tabbingsep{\labelsep}
\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
\setlength\fboxsep{3\p@}
\setlength\fboxrule{.4\p@}
\renewcommand\theequation{\arabic{equation}}
% NAME OF STRUCTURES
\newcommand\contentsname{Contents}
\newcommand\listfigurename{List of Figures}
\newcommand\listtablename{List of Tables}
\newcommand\refname{References}
\newcommand\indexname{Index}
\newcommand\figurename{Figure}
\newcommand\tablename{Table}
\newcommand\partname{Part}
\newcommand\appendixname{Appendix}
\newcommand\abstractname{Abstract}
%Miscellaneous commands
\newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
\newcommand{\jpcsit}{{\bfseries\itshape\selectfont Journal of Physics: Conference Series}}
\newcommand{\jpcs}{{\itshape\selectfont Journal of Physics: Conference Series}}
\newcommand{\iopp}{IOP Publishing}
\newcommand{\cls}{{\upshape\selectfont\texttt{jpconf.cls}}}
\newcommand{\corg}{conference organizer}
\newcommand\today{\number\day\space\ifcase\month\or
January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
\space\number\year}
\setlength\columnsep{10\p@}
\setlength\columnseprule{0\p@}
\newcommand{\Tables}{\clearpage\section*{Tables and table captions}
\def\fps@table{hp}\noappendix}
\newcommand{\Figures}{\clearpage\section*{Figure captions}
\def\fps@figure{hp}\noappendix}
%
\newcommand{\Figure}[1]{\begin{figure}
\caption{#1}
\end{figure}}
%
\newcommand{\Table}[1]{\begin{table}
\caption{#1}
\begin{indented}
\lineup
\item[]\begin{tabular}{@{}l*{15}{l}}}
\def\endTable{\end{tabular}\end{indented}\end{table}}
\let\endtab=\endTable
%
\newcommand{\fulltable}[1]{\begin{table}
\caption{#1}
\lineup
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{}l*{15}{@{\extracolsep{0pt plus 12pt}}l}}}
\def\endfulltable{\end{tabular*}\end{table}}
%BIBLIOGRAPHY and References
%\newcommand{\Bibliography}[1]{\section*{References}\par\numrefs{#1}}
%\newcommand{\References}{\section*{References}\par\refs}
%\def\thebibliography#1{\list
% {\hfil[\arabic{enumi}]}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
% \partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@
% \labelsep=5\p@\itemindent=-10\p@
% \settowidth\labelwidth{\footnotesize[#1]}%
% \leftmargin\labelwidth
% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
% \advance\leftmargin -\itemindent
% \usecounter{enumi}}\footnotesize
% \def\newblock{\ }
% \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
% \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
%\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
%\def\numrefs#1{\begin{thebibliography}{#1}}
%\def\endnumrefs{\end{thebibliography}}
%\let\endbib=\endnumrefs
\def\thereferences{\list{}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
\partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=-18\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=18\p@
}\footnotesize\rm
\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax}%
\let\endthereferences=\endlist
% MISC EQUATRION STUFF
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\documentclass[a4paper]{jpconf}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}
\title{INFN Corporate Cloud - Management and Evolution}
\author{C. Duma$^1$, A. Costantini$^1$, D. Michelotto$^1$, D. Salomoni$^1$}
\address{$^1$ INFN-CNAF, Bologna, IT}
%\address{$^2$IFCA, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-CSIC, Santander, Spain}
\ead{ds@cnaf.infn.it}
\begin{abstract}
This paper describes the achievements and the evolution of INFN Corporate Cloud (INFN-CC), the geographically
distributed private Cloud infrastructure aimed at providing ICT services starting from the Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS) cloud level based on OpenStack. In particular, the contribution provided by CNAF in terms of operations and possible evolution
is here described and analysed.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
The INFN Cloud Working Group as been active for almost three years within the so called ``Commissione Calcolo e Reti'' (CCR)
in INFN. Its activity being that of testing and acquiring expertise on technologies related to Cloud Computing and of selecting
solutions that can be adopted in INFN sites in order to meet the computing needs of the INFN scientific community and more
generally to ease information sharing inside and outside INFN. In the recent past, a number of projects related to Cloud
Computing started in INFN thanks to the knowledge and expertise that were the outcome of the activity of the Cloud Working
Group. A restricted team has been working in the last two years on the deployment of a distributed private cloud infrastructure
to be hosted in a limited number of INFN sites. The INFN-CC working group planned and tested possible architectural designs for
the implementation of a distributed private cloud infrastructure and implemented a prototype that is described hereafter.
INFN-­CC \cite{infncc-chep2018, infncc-wiki} is intended to represent a part of the INFN Cloud infrastructure, with peculiar features
that make it the optimal cloud facility for a number of usecases that are of great importance for INFN.
While the INFN Cloud ecosystem will be able to federate heterogeneous installations that will forcibly adopt a loose coupling
scheme, INFN-­CC tightly couples a few homogeneous OpenStack installations that share a number of services, while being
independent, but still coordinated, on other aspects.
The focus of INFN-­CC is on resource replication, distribution and high availability, both for network services and for user applications. INFN-­CC
represents a single, though distributed, administrative domain.
\section{INFN-CC - a distributed cloud}
As already mentioned, INFN Corporate Cloud (INFN-CC) is the INFN geographically distributed private Cloud infrastructure
aimed at providing services starting from the IaaS level and it is based on OpenStack that has been deployed in three of the
major INFN data centers in Italy (INFN-CNAF, INFN-Bari and INFN-LNF). INFN-CC has a twofold purpose: on one hand its fully
redundant architecture and its resiliency characteristics make of it theperfect environment for providing critical network services
for the INFN community, on the other hand the fact that it is hosted in modern and large data centers makes of INFN-CC the
platform of choice for a number of scientific computing use cases. INFN-CC also deploys a higher PaaS layer, developed within
the EU funded project INDIGO-DataCloud \cite{indigo-dc}, in order to provide to the INFN scientific communities
not only an easier access solution to computing and storage resources, but also both automatic instantiation and configuration
of services or applications used for their everyday work, like batch-system on demand or big data analytics facilities. The PaaS
layer, together with the underlying IaaS, is able to provide automatic scalability of the clusters instantiated and fault tolerance
in case of a single node or complete site failures.
\subsection{Architecture and services}
Techinically speaking, from the OpenStack \cite{openstack} point of view INFN-CC is a multi-region cloud composed of different OpenStack
installations sharing a set of services that are managed globally while maintaining other services local, as shown in Figure \ref{infncc-services}.
The available INFN-CC services can be summarized in the following categories:
Ancillary services such as:
\begin{itemize}
\item A distributed Percona XtraDB Cluster relies on this network and is the back-end both for the identity service and the image service catalog,
\item A distributed DNS dynamically modified, by humans as well as monitoring processes, in order to make clients point only to working endpoints.
\end{itemize}
Local services, implemented independently on each site, they have a local scope such as compute, volume and network.
In particular Compute and Volume services rely on a CEPH \cite{ceph} back-end. Each site has a CEPH instance with different priority and the
CEPH rbd mirror is employed to replicate data across INFN-CC sites for disaster recovery.
Global services, Implemented on all sites for high availability, backed by common DBs when needed, they have a global scope and are here listed:
\begin{itemize}
\item Openstack Horizon, providing the GUI to access the INFN-resources and services via Web,
\item OpenStack Keystone access points, pointing to the above mentioned distributed DBMS, are available on all INFN-CC sites,
\item OpenStack Swift relies on the INFN-CC private network and is deployed geographically,
\item Openstack Glance relies on CEPH as a storage backend and on the Percona cluster as a catalog, this way it is fully distributed as well.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=15cm,clip]{infncc-services.png}
\caption{INFN-CC architecture and related services.}
\label{infncc-services}
\end{figure}
In order to provide the above mentioned list of services, particular care was made to define the network setup among the INFN-CC sites in
order to provide standard connectivity to the VMs and cross site connectivity among the three INFN sites.
The connectivity, made by a level 3 distributed private network provided by GARR, allows an easy cloud management and fast data exchange.
As shown in Figure \ref{infncc-net}, in the INFN-CC model the VM networks remain private and do not cross the border of their own “region”.
Also public networks are separate and managed locally, except they might benefit of a cross-site DNS domain namespace in order to allow
for easy service migration.
Hosts on the management networks of the different sites, on the other hand, must be able to intercommunicate, possibly taking advantage
of a set of loose firewall rules, in order to speed up the system setup and maintenance. Moreover, a cross-site DNS domain namespace
enable tos dynamically migrate cloud services, when needed, for high availability.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=15cm,clip]{infncc-net.png}
\caption{INFN-CC networking and related components.}
\label{infncc-net}
\end{figure}
\subsection{INFN-CC functionalities}
INFN-CC provides some interesting functionalities and features thanks to the its geographical distribution among different sites:
\begin{itemize}
\item Single point of access to distributed resources, fully exploiting the native functionalities of OpenStack and with no (or very small)
need of external integration tools.
\item Single Sign On (SSO) and common authorization platform. User roles and projects are the same throughout the infrastructure,
while quotas for projects vary from site to site.
\item Secure dashboard and API access to all services for all users. The dashboard, OpenStack APIs and EC2 APIs are available.
All services are implemented on top of an SSL layer, in order to secure resource access and data privacy.
\item Easy sharing of VM images and snapshots through a common Object Storage deployment.
A single image/snapshot database is used by all the project sites. This means that all VM images and snapshots are available in all sites.
\item Common DNS name space for distributed resources. DNS HA provides high availability for distributed resources.
\item Block device sharing over remote sites; a rough way to implement is through CEPH backend volume backups, faster and more
efficient ways are under investigation. The final approach will mainly depend on the WAN bandwidth and latency among the INFN-CC sites.
\item Self-service backup for instances and block storage. Backed-up data can be accessed/restored transparently from/to any site.
Final users and tenant administrators are responsible for backing up their instances and the attached block devices. Adequate tools,
native to OpenStack, are provided. As the backup storage backend, both for instance images and snapshots and for block devices,
are replicated and distributed, data backup is transparently available in all the cloud sites and is still available in the case of a site failure.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{The management model}
As resources in INFN-CC are so closely coupled and interdependent, they must be managed carefully by expert staff and must always work correctly.
For this reasons a limited number of cloud administrator, no matter where they are based, are allowed to administer hosts offering
OpenStack services in any INFN-CC site both for normal maintenance and in case of emergency.
This approach is eased by the homogeneity of the infrastructure, but requires a trust agreement that breaks the barriers of the
single site: remote administrators must be trusted exactly as residents.
On the other hand, infrastructure and hardware management is not easily performed from a remote site and should be full responsibility
of the local IT staff. Cloud administrators and local IT staff should of course interact for better problem detection and solving.
This management model brings issues that exceed the technical and organizational problems of a distributed management team: hosting
sites must agree on having external people manage part of their infrastructure as if they were local staff.
\section{Use cases for the INFN-CC}
The architecture of INFN-CC is particularly fit for a wide range of use cases where a strict relation exists between resources that are
distributed over different sites.
Most of these use cases are related to the delivery of computing services for the INFN community, be they of local interest for users
belonging to a single INFN site or of general interest for the whole community.
This does not mean that scientific computing is unfit for the INFN-CC, but often scientific computing environments do not need the
high availability features provided by INFN-CC and can take advantage of other cloud deployments.
\subsection{Scientific computing}
Massive data analysis or simulations do not usually need an environment like that of INFN-CC, but this does not mean that the
INFN-CC doors are closed to scientific computing.
Tier 3 virtualization, the last mile of data analysis, as well as software development environments are the first use cases that
might take advantage of INFN-CC and use it efficiently.
Further use cases might be applicable in the future, according to the available resources and to the project development.
\subsection{Distributed Web application}
In this use case, a generic distributed web application can use a distributed SQL database (accessed through HAProxy) and a
distributed object storage data backend (with almost no single point of failure).
The failure of one instance does not affect final users, that are still able to use the application.
\section{Operations and evolution}
As previously described in the text, the INFN-CC infrastructure is a multi-region cloud composed of different OpenStack installations.
The actual configuration of the CNAF region is here described:
\begin{itemize}
\item A network node: bare metal resource hosting the OpenStack Networking service that deploys several processes across a number of nodes. These processes
interact with each other and other OpenStack services. The main process of the OpenStack Networking service is neutron-server, a Python
daemon that exposes the OpenStack Networking API and passes tenant requests to a suite of plug-ins for additional processing
\item Two Compute nodes: bare metal resources on which the VM's are actually deployed. Each compute node runs an hypervisor to deploy and run the VM.
\item A storage node: bare metal resource hosting a cluster distribution of CEPH object storage that provides interfaces for object-, block- and file-level storage
\item A ToR switch
\end{itemize}
Up to date, CNAF is providing to the INFN-CC the following IaaS resources: 20 VCPUs, 50GB RAM, 50 Floating IPs and 50TB of volume storage.
A set of new resources are expected to be acquired by 2019 and became part of the CNAF region od INFN-CC infrastructure.
In the next year, a contribution from CNAF in terms of development and integration of new services is also expected, in particular in the deployment and testing of
CEPH distributions.
\section{Conclusions}
In this contribution, the INFN-CC cloud infrastructure has been briefly presented from different aspects. Archietecture, services, maintecance model
and possible usecse have been also discussed.
In particular, the contribution of CNAF in terms of operations and evolution of both the CNAF regions and the the INFN-CC cloud infrastructure at whole
have been described.
In the next years, the evolution of the services offered by INFN-CC is expected to bring new and challenging use cases.
In this respect, CNAF is aiming to contribute in terms of manpower and expertise to improve both the reliability and the quality of the service offered to INFN and worldwide.
\section{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{}
\bibitem{infncc-chep2018}
Web site: https://indico.cern.ch/event/587955/contributions/2935944
\bibitem{infncc-wiki}
Web site: https://wiki.infn.it/cn/ccr/cloud/infn\_cc
\bibitem{indigo-dc}
Web site: www.indigo-datacloud.eu
\bibitem{openstack}
Web site: https://www.openstack.org/
\bibitem{ceph}
https://ceph.com
\bibitem{deep}
Web site: https://deep-hybrid-datacloud.eu/
\bibitem{xdc}
Web site: www.extreme-datacloud.eu
\end{thebibliography}
%\section*{Acknowledgments}
%eXtreme-DataCloud has been funded by the European Commision H2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement RIA XXXXXXX.
\end{document}