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\documentclass[a4paper]{jpconf}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}
\title{DEEP-Hybrid DataCloud project: Hybrid services for distributed e-infrastructures}
%\address{Production Editor, \jpcs, \iopp, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1~6BE, UK}
\author{A. Costantini$^1$, D.C. Duma$^1$, D. Michelotto$^1$, A. Falabella$^1$, E. Ronchieri$^1$, A. Ceccanti$^1$, M. Caberletti$^1$, D.Salomoni$^1$
% etc.
}
\address{$^1$ INFN-CNAF, Bologna, Italy}
\ead{alessandro.costantini@cnaf.infn.it}
\begin{abstract}
DEEP Hybrid DataCloud is an Horizon 2020 project that addresses the need to support intensive computing
techniques that require specialized HPC hardware, like GPUs or low-latency interconnects, to explore very large data sets.
Launched in November 2017 the H2020 DEEP Hybrid-DataCloud - DEEP-HDC is lasting for 30 months and is
combining the expertise of 10 large European research organisations.
The project proposes to deploy under the common label of “DEEP as a Service” a set of building blocks that
enable the easy development of applications requiring these techniques: deep learning using neural networks,
parallel post-processing of very large data, and analysis of massive online data streams.
This contribution will introduce the project, presents the foreseen overall architecture and the contribution to the
activities that are being carried on by INFN-CNAF personnel to achieve the project goals and objectives.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
Machine learning 'as-a-service' can clearly be seen as one of the main user requirements being asked for when
thinking about using large-scale computing infrastructure. With ever more data being available, the wish to
exploit this data is omnipresent. While machine learning pipelines for small-scale data sets are available in the
form of several software libraries, large-scale learning tasks provide another level of challenge. With the need
for a proper design of the learning task at hand, additional tasks result in the need to organize large-scale data,
the provision of necessary computing power and storage capacity and, since large-scale data is commonly
distributed, the orchestration of various infrastructure components at different places. It is obvious that such
learning tasks cannot be managed by a user with domain knowledge in the field of application, only. Therefore,
support by the infrastructure layer must break down the complexity of the task and allow the user to focus on
what she/he is skilled on, i.e., modeling of the problem, evaluating and interpreting the results of the machine
learning algorithms.
As a consequence, infrastructure providers have to understand the needs of their user communities and help
them to combine their services in a way that encapsulates technical details the end user does not have to deal with.
Indeed, this is the goal of the DEEP-HDC project \cite{deep} aimed at deploying under the common label of “DEEP as a Service” a
set of building blocks that enable the easy development of applications requiring these techniques: deep learning
using neural networks, parallel post-processing of very large data, and analysis of massive online data streams.
The targeted platforms for the released products are the already existing and the next generation e-Infrastructures
deployed in Europe, such as the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) \cite{EOSC}, the European Grid Infrastructure
(EGI) \cite{EGI} and the computing infrastructures that will be funded by the upcoming H2020 EINFRA-12 call.
DEEP-HDC is funded by the H2020 EINFRA-21-2017 Research and Innovation action under the topic Platform-driven
e-Infrastructure innovation \cite{einfracall21}. It is carried on by a Consortium that brings together technology
providers with a proven long-standing experience in software development and large research communities
belonging to diverse disciplines: Biological and Medical Science, Computing Security, Physical Sciences, Citizen
Science and Earth Observation.
DEEP-HDC started on 1st November 2017 and will run for 30 months until April 2020. The EU contribution for
the project is 2.98 million euros.
\section{Project Objectives}
The DEEP-Hybrid-DataCloud project started with the global objective of promoting the usage of intensive
computing services by different research communities and areas, and their support by the corresponding
e-Infrastructure providers and open source projects. Other objectives followed by the project are:
\begin{itemize}
\item Focus on intensive computing techniques for the analysis of very large data sets considering highly demanding use cases.
\item Evolve up to production level, intensive computing services exploiting specialized hardware.
\item Integrate intensive computing services under a hybrid cloud approach.
\item Define a “DEEP as a Service” solution to offer an adequate integration path to developers of final applications.
\item Analyse the complementarity with other ongoing projects targeting added value services for the cloud.
\end{itemize}
The DEEP-Hybrid-DataCloud project aims to provide a bridge towards a more flexible exploitation of intensive
computing resources by the research community, enabling access to the latest technologies that require also
last generation hardware and the scalability to be able to explore large data sets. It is structured into six
different work packages, covering Networking Activities (NA) devoted to the coordination, communication
and community liaison; Service Activities (SA) focused on the provisioning of services and resources for the
execution of the data analysis challenges; and Joint Research Activities (JRAs), dealing with the development
of new components and technologies to support data analysis.
In order to achieve these objectives, we propose to evolve existing cloud services, taking into account the
following design principles:
\begin{itemize}
\item Evolve the required services from TRL6 to TRL8 under an open framework and considering existing
standards for interoperability.
\item Re-use if possible existing cloud services in production, and in particular those being adopted for
proposed e-infrastructure of the European Open Science Cloud.
\item Consider the integration of existing specialized resources into cloud services having in mind the point
of view of the current daily management of those resources, like for example current HPC data centres.
\item Ensure that the resulting framework will have a low learning curve for the developers of the solutions,
by delivering a DEEP catalogue that can be directly exploited by users to build their applications.
\item Assure the scalability and performance of the solution developed, which is key to guarantee the interest
both of resource providers and users.
\end{itemize}
\section{Project structure}
The DEEP Hybrid DataCloud project is structured into six different work packages, covering Networking
Activities (NA) devoted to the coordination, communication and community liaison; Service Activities (SA)
focused on the provisioning of services and resources for the execution of the data analysis challenges; and
Joint Research Activities (JRAs), dealing with the development of new components and technologies to
support data analysis. Figure \ref{fig-wp} describes the interaction between the different work packages.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10cm,clip]{DEEP-WP.png}
\caption{Diagram showing WPs interrelation.}
\label{fig-wp}
\end{figure}
It is important to remark the key role of WP2/NA2 and WP3/SA1 to define and channel towards the JRA
work packages, WP4, WP5, WP6, the requirements for the solutions to be developed, and then provide feedback.
The direct interaction between WP2 and WP6 will promote an agile interaction on the design and
DEEP Hybrid DataCloud implementation of the services for final users.
{\bf Work Package 1, WP1 (NA1) - Project Management and Exploitation.}
This work package will perform the global oversight of the activities carried out within the project, ensuring
that they are aligned with the DEEP Hybrid DataCloud work programme. WP1 will also coordinate the
consortium management through the governance structure, including the promotion
of an adequate interaction between the WP through the steering committee.
{\bf Work Package 2, WP2 (NA2) - Intensive Computing Pilot Applications.}
This work package is responsible for the definition and correct understanding of the pilot usage scenarios
regarding the project’s technical architecture and will propose an architecture that is
applicable for the identified applications. Moreover, NA2 will interact with SA1 and JRA3 to ensure that the
delivered outcomes are aligned with the expectations of the user communities, are compliant with the
proposed scenarios and validated against the user applications.
{\bf Work Package 3, WP3 (SA1) - Testbed and integration with EOSC services.}
The service activities of the project will be supported by WP3, that will guarantee that the project pilot
testbeds are correctly integrated with other state of the art and e-Infrastructures and services from the
European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), so that the project can exploit their services in an easy way.
Moreover, this work package will supervise the software development within the project, providing a
continuous software improvement process that will involve quality assurance activities, software release
management, maintenance and support.
In particular, INFN-CNAF is coordinating Task 3.2 - Software quality assurance, release, maintenance and support.
Expressed in terms of Software Quality Assurance and Software Release and Maintenance, CNAF is coordinating
the management of those software products that became officially part of the first DEEP releases, codenamed
Genesis \cite{deep-genesis}, foreseen for late 2018 and effectively released in January 2019.
INFN CNAF is also coordinating the implementation of the continuous software improvement process,
following a DevOps approach, through the definition and realization of an innovative Continuous
Integration (CI) and Delivery (CD) system.
INFN-CNAF is contributing also to Task 3.1 - Pilot testbeds and integration with EOSC platform and their services - by
providing and maintaining the testbeds dedicated to developers, software integration and software preview.
In particular, the activities were focused in implementing the services needed to support the software development and release
management and included among others the source code repository, and continuous integration system.
{\bf Work Package 4, WP4 (JRA1) - Accelerated and High Performance Computing in the Cloud.}
This key research activity will be carried out close to the hardware and infrastructure, addressing the gaps
that currently exist in the support of accelerators (like GPU), specialized hardware (such as low-latency
interconnects) and HPC systems in general.
In particular, INFN-CNAF contributes to Task 4.3 - Interaction with HPC resources with PaaS approach - by making
available its experience on virtualization technologies and cloud middleware frameworks to develop advanced
solutions that enable the delivery of bare-metal like performance and the resource sharing in multi-tenancy environments.
{\bf Work Package 5, WP5 (JRA2) - High Level Hybrid Cloud solutions.}
Lead by INFN, WP5 will take care of the provisioning of the platform exploiting the outcomes from JRA1 in a hybrid
approach, delivering an execution platform for JRA2, ensuring that applications can be spawned in across
several cloud infrastructures.
In particular, INFN-CNAF contributes to Task 5.1 - PaaS-level Orchestration Supporting Multi-IaaS Hybrid Infrastructures -
by contributing both to the development of solutions aimed at provision and orchestrate resources among multiple IaaS and to the test
of the new TOSCA Templates that are able to deploy clusters of services.
{\bf Work Package 6, WP6 (JRA3) - DEEP as a Service.}
This activity focuses on bridging the outcomes of NA2, JRA1 and JRA2 so as to deliver the final solution to
the users in the form of a DEEP as a Service solution. This service will ensure that scientists have an easy
way to deploy and execute their intensive compute applications based on containers (from NA2) that will be
executed in an hybrid cloud platform (JRA2), exploiting the specialized hardware that their application requires (JRA1).
INFN-CNAF contributes to the JRA3 activities and task by supporting integration and testing activities aimed at
composing a set of defined building blocks that will model the user application and deploying these applications as services that
can be offered to final users, as a way to deliver scientific results to a wider scope of stakeholders.
In particular, INFN-CNAF is testing the DEEP-Alien4Cloud \cite{A4C} plugin, elected as the tool able to provide an
easy to use and intuitive application composition to deliver the DEEaaS solutions.
\section{DEEP Overall architecture}
The DEEP PaaS layer is based on the components developed and integrated in the INDIGO-DataCloud project \cite{indigo}.
The architecture is depicted in Figure~\ref{fig-arch} and the main components are briefly described hereafter:
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10cm,clip]{DEEP-arch.png}
\caption{The architecture of the DEEP PaaS layer is based on the building blocks provided by the INDIGO-DataCloud project.}
\label{fig-arch}
\end{figure}
The PaaS Orchestrator is the core component of the PaaS layer. It receives high-level deployment requests and coordinates
the deployment process over the IaaS platforms.
The Identity and Access Management (IAM) Service provides a layer where identities, enrollment, group membership, attributes
and policies to access distributed resources and services can be managed in an homogeneous and interoperable way.
The Monitoring Service is in charge of collecting monitoring data from the targeted clouds, analysing and transforming them into
information to be consumed by the Orchestrator.
The Cloud Provider Ranker (CPR) is a rule-based engine that allows to rank cloud providers in order to help the Orchestrator
to select the best one for the requested deployment. The ranking algorithm can take into account preferences specified by
the user and other information like SLAs and monitoring data.
The SLA Management (SLAM) service allows the handshake between users and a site on a given SLA.
The Managed Service/Application (MSA) Deployment Service is in charge of scheduling, spawning, executing and monitoring
applications and services on a distributed infrastructure; the core of this component consists of an elastic Mesos cluster with
slave nodes dynamically provisioned and distributed on the IaaS sites.
The Infrastructure Manager (IM) deploys complex and customized virtual infrastructures on a IaaS site providing an abstraction
layer to define and provision resources in different clouds and virtualization platforms.
The Data Management Services is a collection of services that provide an abstraction layer for accessing the data storage
in a unified and federated way.
The Information Provider and Accounting System collects detailed information from an IaaS provider about the current
status of the resources from the amount of resources of CPU, RAM or storage to the availability of a service.
\section{DEEP as a Service solution}
The high level decomposition of the DEEP as a Service design is depicted in Figure~\ref{fig-DEEPaas}
and consists on the following key components:
\begin{itemize}
\item The DEEP open Catalog where the users, communities, etc. can browse, store and download relevant modules
for building up their applications (like ready to use machine learning frameworks, complex application topologies, etc.).
\item An application modeler or composition tool, that will be used to build up complex application topologies in an easy way.
\item A runtime engine, that will take the defined topology as input, provision the required computing resources and
deploy the application.
\item The DEEP PaaS layer, that will coordinate the overall workflow execution to choose the appropriate Cloud sites
and manage the deployment of the applications to be executed.
\item The DEEP as a Service solution, that will offer the application functionality to the user.
\item The EINFRA/EOSC data services, to be integrated with the DEEP solutions in order to provide access to any of
the data facilities existing in the European Open Science Cloud
\end{itemize}
The system is designed with extensibility in mind, taking great care in designing a framework which can be updated
easily and where a component can be replaced with a new one in case it is needed. Many of the anticipated changes
to our system in future phases will only require adding additional functionality on top of existing components,
remaining backwards compatible with previous versions.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=12cm,clip]{DEEP-aas.png}
\caption{DEEPaaS high level architecture.}
\label{fig-DEEPaas}
\end{figure}
\section{Conclusions}
In the present contribution the DEEP-XDC project and its objectives have been presented and discussed.
These objective, together with the related needs proper of the research communities involved in the project, are
the real driver to develop innovative and reliable open source solutions able to fill up the technology gaps that currently
prevent effective exploitation of distributed computing and storage resources by many scientific communities.
For the second part of project, the activities carried on at INFN-CNAF will continue to ensure the fulfillment of the
project objectives.
In particular, the already available software solutions will be enriched by advanced functionalities (provided by JRAs)
aimed at addressing the use case requirements provided by NA2.
The implementation and related testing of those new solutions will be performed in the testbeds maintained by SA1.
SA1 will also continue its activities aimed at further validate the software, its robustness and scalability and will follow
the preparation of the second project release, DEEP-2 , foreseen for the second half of 2019.
Moreover, DEEP-HDC project can complement and integrate with other running projects and communities and with
existing multi-national, multi-community infrastructures. As an example,DEEP-HDC is collaborating with the
eXtreme-DataCloud (XDC) \cite{xdc} project aimed at developing scalable technologies for federating storage
resources and managing data in highly distributed computing environments.
\section*{Acknowledgments}
DEEP-HybridDataCloud has been funded by the European Commission H2020 research and innovation
program under grant agreement RIA 777435.
\section{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{}
\bibitem{deep}
Web site: www.deep-hybrid-datacloud.eu
\bibitem{EOSC}
Web site: https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=open-science-cloud
\bibitem{EGI}
Web site: https://www.egi.eu/
\bibitem{einfracall21}
Web site: http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/einfra-21-2017.html
\bibitem{deep-genesis}
Web site: https://deep-hybrid-datacloud.eu/2019/01/18/deep-genesis-first-software-release-is-out/
\bibitem{A4C}
Web site: https://github.com/indigo-dc/alien4cloud-deep/
\bibitem{indigo}
Web site: https://www.indigo-datacloud.eu
\bibitem{xdc}
Web site: www.extreme-datacloud.eu
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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\setcounter{footnote}{99}%
\footnotetext{#1}%
\setcounter{footnote}{\c@oldftnote}\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}}}
%==================
% Acknowledgments (no heading if letter)
% Usage \ack for Acknowledgments, \ackn for Acknowledgement
\def\ack{\section*{Acknowledgments}}
\def\ackn{\section*{Acknowledgment}}
%SECTION DEFINITIONS
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
\newcounter {section}
\newcounter {subsection}[section]
\newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection]
\newcounter {paragraph}[subsubsection]
\newcounter {subparagraph}[paragraph]
\renewcommand \thesection {\arabic{section}}
\renewcommand\thesubsection {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
\renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection .\arabic{subsubsection}}
\renewcommand\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}}
\renewcommand\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}
%\nosections
\def\nosections{\vspace{30\p@ plus12\p@ minus12\p@}
\noindent\ignorespaces}
%\renewcommand{\@startsection}[6]
%{%
%\if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi
%\par
% \@tempskipa #4\relax
%%\@tempskipa 0pt\relax
% \@afterindenttrue
% \ifdim \@tempskipa <\z@
% \@tempskipa -\@tempskipa \@afterindentfalse
% \fi
% \if@nobreak
% \everypar{}%
% \else
% \addpenalty\@secpenalty\addvspace\@tempskipa
% \fi
% \@ifstar
% {\@ssect{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}%
% {\@dblarg{\@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}}}
%\renewcommand{\@sect}[8]{%
% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
% \let\@svsec\@empty
% \else
% \refstepcounter{#1}%
% \protected@edef\@svsec{\@seccntformat{#1}\relax}%
% \fi
% \@tempskipa #5\relax
% \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
% \begingroup
% #6{%
% \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}%
% \interlinepenalty \@M #8\@@par}%
% \endgroup
% \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
% \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
% \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
% \fi
% #7}%
% \else
% \def\@svsechd{%
% #6{\hskip #3\relax
% \@svsec #8}%
% \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
% \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
% \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
% \fi
% #7}}%
% \fi
% \@xsect{#5}}
%\renewcommand{\@xsect}[1]{%
% \@tempskipa #1\relax
% \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
% \par \nobreak
% \vskip \@tempskipa
% \@afterheading
% \else
% \@nobreakfalse
% \global\@noskipsectrue
% \everypar{%
% \if@noskipsec
% \global\@noskipsecfalse
% {\setbox\z@\lastbox}%
% \clubpenalty\@M
% \begingroup \@svsechd \endgroup
% \unskip
% \@tempskipa #1\relax
% \hskip -\@tempskipa
% \else
% \clubpenalty \@clubpenalty
% \everypar{}%
% \fi}%
% \fi
% \ignorespaces}
%========================================================================
\newcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{1sp}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries\raggedright}}
\newcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{1sp}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape\raggedright}}
\newcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{-1em \@plus .2em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape}}
\newcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
{3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus.2ex}%
{-1em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape}}
\newcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
{3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
{-1em}%
{\reset@font\normalsize\itshape}}
\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
\let\@svsec\@empty\else
\refstepcounter{#1}\edef\@svsec{\csname the#1\endcsname. }\fi
\@tempskipa #5\relax
\ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
\begingroup #6\relax
\noindent{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}{\interlinepenalty \@M #8\par}%
\endgroup
\csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}\addcontentsline
{toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
\protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi
#7}\else
\def\@svsechd{#6\hskip #3\relax %% \relax added 2 May 90
\@svsec #8\csname #1mark\endcsname
{#7}\addcontentsline
{toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
\protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi
#7}}\fi
\@xsect{#5}}
%
\def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{\@tempskipa #3\relax
\ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
\begingroup #4\noindent{\hskip #1}{\interlinepenalty \@M #5\par}\endgroup
\else \def\@svsechd{#4\hskip #1\relax #5}\fi
\@xsect{#3}}
% LIST DEFINITIONS
\setlength\leftmargini {2em}
\leftmargin \leftmargini
\setlength\leftmarginii {2em}
\setlength\leftmarginiii {1.8em}
\setlength\leftmarginiv {1.6em}
\setlength\leftmarginv {1em}
\setlength\leftmarginvi {1em}
\setlength\leftmargin{\leftmargini}
\setlength \labelsep {.5em}
\setlength \labelwidth{\leftmargini}
\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep}
\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty
\renewcommand\theenumi{\roman{enumi}}
\renewcommand\theenumii{\alph{enumii}}
\renewcommand\theenumiii{\arabic{enumiii}}
\renewcommand\theenumiv{\Alph{enumiv}}
\newcommand\labelenumi{(\theenumi)}
\newcommand\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
\newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
\newcommand\labelenumiv{(\theenumiv)}
\renewcommand\p@enumii{(\theenumi)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiii{(\theenumi.\theenumii)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiv{(\theenumi.\theenumii.\theenumiii)}
\newcommand\labelitemi{$\m@th\bullet$}
\newcommand\labelitemii{\normalfont\bfseries --}
\newcommand\labelitemiii{$\m@th\ast$}
\newcommand\labelitemiv{$\m@th\cdot$}
\renewcommand \theequation {\@arabic\c@equation}
%%%%%%%%%%%%% Figures
\newcounter{figure}
\renewcommand\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
\def\fps@figure{tbp}
\def\ftype@figure{1}
\def\ext@figure{lof}
\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
\newenvironment{figure}{\footnotesize\rm\@float{figure}}%
{\end@float\normalsize\rm}
\newenvironment{figure*}{\footnotesize\rm\@dblfloat{figure}}{\end@dblfloat}
\newcounter{table}
\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
\def\fps@table{tbp}
\def\ftype@table{2}
\def\ext@table{lot}
\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
\newenvironment{table}{\footnotesize\rm\@float{table}}%
{\end@float\normalsize\rm}
\newenvironment{table*}{\footnotesize\rm\@dblfloat{table}}%
{\end@dblfloat\normalsize\rm}
\newlength\abovecaptionskip
\newlength\belowcaptionskip
\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
%Table Environments
%\newenvironment{tableref}[3][\textwidth]{%
%\begin{center}%
%\begin{table}%
%\captionsetup[table]{width=#1}
%\centering\caption{\label{#2}#3}}{\end{table}\end{center}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\newcounter{figure}
%\renewcommand \thefigure {\@arabic\c@figure}
%\def\fps@figure{tbp}
%\def\ftype@figure{1}
%\def\ext@figure{lof}
%\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
%ENVIRONMENT: figure
%\newenvironment{figure}
% {\@float{figure}}
% {\end@float}
%ENVIRONMENT: figure*
%\newenvironment{figure*}
% {\@dblfloat{figure}}
% {\end@dblfloat}
%ENVIRONMENT: table
%\newcounter{table}
%\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
%\def\fps@table{tbp}
%\def\ftype@table{2}
%\def\ext@table{lot}
%\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
%\newenvironment{table}
% {\@float{table}}
% {\end@float}
%ENVIRONMENT: table*
%\newenvironment{table*}
% {\@dblfloat{table}}
% {\end@dblfloat}
%\newlength\abovecaptionskip
%\newlength\belowcaptionskip
%\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
%\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
% CAPTIONS
% Added redefinition of \@caption so captions are not written to
% aux file therefore less need to \protect fragile commands
%
\long\def\@caption#1[#2]#3{\par\begingroup
\@parboxrestore
\normalsize
\@makecaption{\csname fnum@#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #3}\par
\endgroup}
\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
\vskip\abovecaptionskip
\sbox\@tempboxa{{\bf #1.} #2}%
\ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize
{\bf #1.} #2\par
\else
\global \@minipagefalse
\hb@xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
\fi
\vskip\belowcaptionskip}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\cal{\@fontswitch\relax\mathcal}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\mit{\@fontswitch\relax\mathnormal}
%\newcommand\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
%\newcommand\@tocrmarg{2.55em}
%\newcommand\@dotsep{4.5}
%\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
%\newcommand\tableofcontents{%
% \section*{\contentsname
% \@mkboth{%
% \MakeUppercase\contentsname}{\MakeUppercase\contentsname}}%
% \@starttoc{toc}%
% }
%\newcommand*\l@part[2]{%
% \ifnum \c@tocdepth >-2\relax
% \addpenalty\@secpenalty
% \addvspace{2.25em \@plus\p@}%
% \begingroup
% \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
% \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
% {\leavevmode
% \large \bfseries #1\hfil \hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par
% \nobreak
% \if@compatibility
% \global\@nobreaktrue
% \everypar{\global\@nobreakfalse\everypar{}}%
% \fi
% \endgroup
% \fi}
%\newcommand*\l@section[2]{%
% \ifnum \c@tocdepth >\z@
% \addpenalty\@secpenalty
% \addvspace{1.0em \@plus\p@}%
% \setlength\@tempdima{1.5em}%
% \begingroup
% \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
% \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
% \leavevmode \bfseries
% \advance\leftskip\@tempdima
% \hskip -\leftskip
% #1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
% \endgroup
% \fi}
%\newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
%\newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
%\newcommand*\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
%\newcommand*\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
%\newcommand\listoffigures{%
% \section*{\listfigurename
% \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}%
% {\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}}%
% \@starttoc{lof}%
% }
%\newcommand*\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
%\newcommand\listoftables{%
% \section*{\listtablename
% \@mkboth{%
% \MakeUppercase\listtablename}{\MakeUppercase\listtablename}}%
% \@starttoc{lot}%
% }
%\let\l@table\l@figure
%======================================
%ENVIRONMENTS
%======================================
%ENVIRONMENT: indented
\newenvironment{indented}{\begin{indented}}{\end{indented}}
\newenvironment{varindent}[1]{\begin{varindent}{#1}}{\end{varindent}}
%
\def\indented{\list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\mathindent\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
\parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}
\let\endindented=\endlist
\def\varindent#1{\setlength{\varind}{#1}%
\list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\varind\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
\parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}
\let\endvarindent=\endlist
%ENVIRONMENT: abstract
\newenvironment{abstract}{%
\vspace{16pt plus3pt minus3pt}
\begin{indented}
\item[]{\bfseries \abstractname.}\quad\rm\ignorespaces}
{\end{indented}\vspace{10mm}}
%ENVIRONMENT: description
\newenvironment{description}
{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}
{\endlist}
\newcommand\descriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
\normalfont\bfseries #1}
%ENVIRONMENT: quotation
\newenvironment{quotation}
{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
\itemindent \listparindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\parsep \z@ \@plus\p@}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: quote
\newenvironment{quote}
{\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: verse
\newenvironment{verse}
{\let\\=\@centercr
\list{}{\itemsep \z@
\itemindent -1.5em%
\listparindent\itemindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: bibliography
\newdimen\bibindent
\setlength\bibindent{1.5em}
\def\thebibliography#1{\list
{\hfil[\arabic{enumi}]}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
\partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@
\labelsep=5\p@\itemindent=-10\p@
\settowidth\labelwidth{\footnotesize[#1]}%
\leftmargin\labelwidth
\advance\leftmargin\labelsep
\advance\leftmargin -\itemindent
\usecounter{enumi}}\footnotesize
\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
\def\numrefs#1{\begin{thebibliography}{#1}}
\def\endnumrefs{\end{thebibliography}}
\let\endbib=\endnumrefs
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\newenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
% {\section*{References}
% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
% \leftmargin\labelwidth
% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
% \@openbib@code
% \usecounter{enumiv}%
% \let\p@enumiv\@empty
% \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
% \sloppy
% \clubpenalty4000
% \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
% \widowpenalty4000%
% \sfcode`\.\@m}
% {\def\@noitemerr
% {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
% \endlist}
%\newcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em\@plus.33em\@minus.07em}
%\let\@openbib@code\@empty
%ENVIRONMENT: theindex
\newenvironment{theindex}
{\if@twocolumn
\@restonecolfalse
\else
\@restonecoltrue
\fi
\columnseprule \z@
\columnsep 35\p@
\twocolumn[\section*{\indexname}]%
\@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
\thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
\parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
\let\item\@idxitem}
{\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
\newcommand\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@}
\newcommand\subitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{20\p@}}
\newcommand\subsubitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{30\p@}}
\newcommand\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ \@plus5\p@ \@minus3\p@\relax}
%=====================
\def\appendix{\@ifnextchar*{\@appendixstar}{\@appendix}}
\def\@appendix{\eqnobysec\@appendixstar}
\def\@appendixstar{\@@par
\ifnumbysec % Added 30/4/94 to get Table A1,
\@addtoreset{table}{section} % Table B1 etc if numbering by
\@addtoreset{figure}{section}\fi % section
\setcounter{section}{0}
\setcounter{subsection}{0}
\setcounter{subsubsection}{0}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\setcounter{figure}{0}
\setcounter{table}{0}
\def\thesection{Appendix \Alph{section}}
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\Alph{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
\Alph{section}\arabic{equation}\fi} % Comment A\arabic{equation} maybe
\def\thetable{\ifnumbysec % better? 15/4/95
\Alph{section}\arabic{table}\else
A\arabic{table}\fi}
\def\thefigure{\ifnumbysec
\Alph{section}\arabic{figure}\else
A\arabic{figure}\fi}}
\def\noappendix{\setcounter{figure}{0}
\setcounter{table}{0}
\def\thetable{\arabic{table}}
\def\thefigure{\arabic{figure}}}
\setlength\arraycolsep{5\p@}
\setlength\tabcolsep{6\p@}
\setlength\arrayrulewidth{.4\p@}
\setlength\doublerulesep{2\p@}
\setlength\tabbingsep{\labelsep}
\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
\setlength\fboxsep{3\p@}
\setlength\fboxrule{.4\p@}
\renewcommand\theequation{\arabic{equation}}
% NAME OF STRUCTURES
\newcommand\contentsname{Contents}
\newcommand\listfigurename{List of Figures}
\newcommand\listtablename{List of Tables}
\newcommand\refname{References}
\newcommand\indexname{Index}
\newcommand\figurename{Figure}
\newcommand\tablename{Table}
\newcommand\partname{Part}
\newcommand\appendixname{Appendix}
\newcommand\abstractname{Abstract}
%Miscellaneous commands
\newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
\newcommand{\jpcsit}{{\bfseries\itshape\selectfont Journal of Physics: Conference Series}}
\newcommand{\jpcs}{{\itshape\selectfont Journal of Physics: Conference Series}}
\newcommand{\iopp}{IOP Publishing}
\newcommand{\cls}{{\upshape\selectfont\texttt{jpconf.cls}}}
\newcommand{\corg}{conference organizer}
\newcommand\today{\number\day\space\ifcase\month\or
January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
\space\number\year}
\setlength\columnsep{10\p@}
\setlength\columnseprule{0\p@}
\newcommand{\Tables}{\clearpage\section*{Tables and table captions}
\def\fps@table{hp}\noappendix}
\newcommand{\Figures}{\clearpage\section*{Figure captions}
\def\fps@figure{hp}\noappendix}
%
\newcommand{\Figure}[1]{\begin{figure}
\caption{#1}
\end{figure}}
%
\newcommand{\Table}[1]{\begin{table}
\caption{#1}
\begin{indented}
\lineup
\item[]\begin{tabular}{@{}l*{15}{l}}}
\def\endTable{\end{tabular}\end{indented}\end{table}}
\let\endtab=\endTable
%
\newcommand{\fulltable}[1]{\begin{table}
\caption{#1}
\lineup
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{}l*{15}{@{\extracolsep{0pt plus 12pt}}l}}}
\def\endfulltable{\end{tabular*}\end{table}}
%BIBLIOGRAPHY and References
%\newcommand{\Bibliography}[1]{\section*{References}\par\numrefs{#1}}
%\newcommand{\References}{\section*{References}\par\refs}
%\def\thebibliography#1{\list
% {\hfil[\arabic{enumi}]}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
% \partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@
% \labelsep=5\p@\itemindent=-10\p@
% \settowidth\labelwidth{\footnotesize[#1]}%
% \leftmargin\labelwidth
% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
% \advance\leftmargin -\itemindent
% \usecounter{enumi}}\footnotesize
% \def\newblock{\ }
% \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
% \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
%\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
%\def\numrefs#1{\begin{thebibliography}{#1}}
%\def\endnumrefs{\end{thebibliography}}
%\let\endbib=\endnumrefs
\def\thereferences{\list{}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
\partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=-18\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=18\p@
}\footnotesize\rm
\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax}%
\let\endthereferences=\endlist
% MISC EQUATRION STUFF
%\def\[{\relax\ifmmode\@badmath\else
% \begin{trivlist}
% \@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
% \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
% \item[]\leavevmode
% \hbox to\linewidth\bgroup$ \displaystyle
% \hskip\mathindent\bgroup\fi}
%\def\]{\relax\ifmmode \egroup $\hfil \egroup \end{trivlist}\else \@badmath \fi}
%\def\equation{\@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
% \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
%\refstepcounter{equation}\trivlist \item[]\leavevmode
% \hbox to\linewidth\bgroup $ \displaystyle
%\hskip\mathindent}
%\def\endequation{$\hfil \displaywidth\linewidth\@eqnnum\egroup \endtrivlist}
%\@namedef{equation*}{\[}
%\@namedef{endequation*}{\]}
%\def\eqnarray{\stepcounter{equation}\let\@currentlabel=\theequation
%\global\@eqnswtrue
%\global\@eqcnt\z@\tabskip\mathindent\let\\=\@eqncr
%\abovedisplayskip\topsep\ifvmode\advance\abovedisplayskip\partopsep\fi
%\belowdisplayskip\abovedisplayskip
%\belowdisplayshortskip\abovedisplayskip
%\abovedisplayshortskip\abovedisplayskip
%$$\halign to
%\linewidth\bgroup\@eqnsel$\displaystyle\tabskip\z@
% {##{}}$&\global\@eqcnt\@ne $\displaystyle{{}##{}}$\hfil
% &\global\@eqcnt\tw@ $\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
% \tabskip\@centering&\llap{##}\tabskip\z@\cr}
%\def\endeqnarray{\@@eqncr\egroup
% \global\advance\c@equation\m@ne$$\global\@ignoretrue }
%\mathindent = 6pc
%%
%\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
% \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
% \crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
%%
%\def\eqalignno#1{\displ@y \tabskip\z@skip
% \halign to\displaywidth{\hspace{5pc}$\@lign\displaystyle{##}$%
% \tabskip\z@skip
% &$\@lign\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfill\tabskip\@centering
% &\llap{$\@lign\hbox{\rm##}$}\tabskip\z@skip\crcr
% #1\crcr}}
%%
\newif\ifnumbysec
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
\arabic{equation}\fi}
\def\eqnobysec{\numbysectrue\@addtoreset{equation}{section}}
\newcounter{eqnval}
\def\numparts{\addtocounter{equation}{1}%
\setcounter{eqnval}{\value{equation}}%
\setcounter{equation}{0}%
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\arabic{section}.\arabic{eqnval}{\it\alph{equation}}%
\else\arabic{eqnval}{\it\alph{equation}}\fi}}
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\documentclass[a4paper]{jpconf}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}
\title{eXtreme-DataCloud project: Advanced data management services for distributed e-infrastructures}
%\address{Production Editor, \jpcs, \iopp, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1~6BE, UK}
\author{A. Costantini$^1$, D. Cesini$^1$, D.C. Duma$^1$, D. Michelotto$^1$, A. Falabella$^1$, L. Dell'Agnello$^1$, D.Salomoni$^1$, L. Morgantii$^1$, G. Grandi$^2$
% etc.
}
\address{$^1$ INFN-CNAF, Bologna, Italy}
\address{$^2$ INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy}
\ead{alessandro.costantini@cnaf.infn.it}
\begin{abstract}
The development of new data management services able to cope with very large data resources is becoming a key challenge.
Such capability, in fact, will allow the future e-infrastructures to address the needs of the next generation extreme scale scientific experiments.
To face this challenge, in November 2017 the H2020 eXtreme DataCloud - XDC project has been launched. Lasting for 27 months and combining
the expertise of 8 large European research organisations, the project aims at developing scalable technologies for federating storage resources
and managing data in highly distributed computing environments.
The project is use-case driven with a multidisciplinary approach, addressing requirements from research communities belonging to a wide range
of scientific domains: High Energy Physics, Astronomy, Photon and Life Science, Medical research.
XDC will implementing data management scalable services, combining already established data management and orchestration tools, to address
the following high level topics policy driven data management based on Quality-of-Service, Data Life-cycle management, smart placement of
data with caching mechanisms to reduce access latency, meta-data with no predefined schema handling, execution of pre-processing applications
during ingestion, data management and protection of sensitive data in distributed e-infrastructures, intelligent data placement based on access patterns.
This contribution will introduce the project, presents the foreseen overall architecture and the contribution to the activities that are being carried
on by INFN-CNAF personnel to achieve the project goals and objectives.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
Lead by INFN-CNAF, the eXtreme DataCloud (XDC) project \cite{xdc} develops scalable technologies for federating storage resources and
managing data in highly distributed computing environments. The provided services will be capable of operating at the unprecedented scale
required by the most demanding, data intensive, research experiments in Europe and Worldwide. The targeted platforms for the released
products are the already existing and the next generation e-Infrastructures deployed in Europe, such as the European Open Science Cloud
(EOSC) \cite{EOSC}, the European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) \cite{EGI}, the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) \cite{wlcg} and the
computing infrastructures that will be funded by the upcoming H2020 EINFRA-12 call. XDC is funded by the H2020 EINFRA-21-2017
Research and Innovation action under the topic Platform-driven e-Infrastructure innovation \cite{einfracall21}. It is carried on by a
Consortium that brings together technology providers with a proven long-standing experience in software development and large
research communities belonging to diverse disciplines: Life Science, Biodiversity, Clinical Research, Astrophysics, High Energy Physics
and Photon Science. XDC started on 1st November 2017 and will run for 27 months until January 2020. The EU contribution for the
project is 3.07 million euros.
XDC is a use case driven development project and the Consortium has been built as a combination of technology providers, Research
Communities and Infrastructure providers. New developments will be tested against real-life applications and use cases. Among the
high level requirements collected from the Research Communities, the Consortium identified those considered more general (and hence
exploitable by other communities), with the greatest impact on the user base and that can be implemented in a timespan compatible
with the project duration and funding.
\section{Project Objectives}
The XDC project develops open, production quality, interoperable and manageable software that can be easily plugged into the target
European e-Infrastructures and adopts state of the art standards in order to ensure interoperability. The building blocks of the high-level
architecture foreseen by the project are organised in a manner to avoid duplication of development effort. All the interfaces and links
to implement the XDC architecture are developed exploiting the most advanced techniques for authorisation and authentication.
Services are scalable to cope with most demanding, extreme scale scientific experiments like those run at the Large Hadron Collider
at CERN and the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), both of them represented in the project consortium.
The project will enrich already existing data management services by adding missing functionalities as requested by the user
communities. The project will continue the effort invested by the now ended INDIGO-DataCloud project \cite{indigo} in the direction
of providing friendly, web-based user interfaces and mobile access to the infrastructure data management services. The project will
build on the INDIGO-DataCloud achievements in the field of Quality of Services and data lifecycle management developing smart
orchestration tools to realise easily an effective policy driven data management.
One of the main objectives of the project is to provide data management solutions for the following use cases:
\begin{itemize}
\item Dynamic extension of a computing centre to a remote site providing transparent bidirectional access to the data stored
in both locations.
\item Dynamic inclusion of sites with limited storage capacity in a distributed infrastructure, proving transparent access to the
data stored remotely.
\item Federation of distributed storage endpoints, i.e. a so-called WLCG Data Lake, enabling fast and transparent access to
their data without a-priory copy.
\end{itemize}
These use cases will be addressed implementing intelligent, automatic and hierarchical caching mechanisms.
\section{Overall project structure}
The project is structured in five Work Packages (WPs). In details, there are two WPs devoted to networking activities (NA),
one for service activities (SA) and two for development activities (JRA).
The relationships among the WPs are represented in Figure \ref{fig-WP}: NA1 is supervising the activities of all the Work
Packages and deals with the management aspects in order to ensure a smoothly progress of the Project activities. NA2,
representing communities, will provide requirements that will guide the
development activities carried out by JRA1 and JRA2. JRA1 and JRA2 are responsible to provide new and integrated
solutions to address the user requirements provided by NA2. SA1 provides Quality Assurance policies and procedures and
the Maintenance and Support coordination, including Release Management. NA2 closes the cycle validating the released
components on the pilot testbeds made available for exploitation by SA1.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10cm,clip]{XDC-WP.png}
\caption{Relationships between the WPs in the XDC project.}
\label{fig-WP}
\end{figure}
{\bf Work Package 1 (NA1)} bring the project towards the successful achievement of its objectives, efficiently
coordinating the Consortium and ensuring that the activities progress smoothly.
Coordinated by INFN-CNAF, WP1 is responsible for the financial administration of the project; it controls the effort reporting and the
progress of the work ensuring that they adhere to the work plan and to the Grant Agreement.
WP1 defines the Quality Assurance plan and reports periodically to the EC about the overall project progress.
It is responsible for the resolution of internal conflicts and for the creation of a fruitful spirit of collaboration,
ensuring that all the partners are engaged to fulfil the project objectives. WP1 communicates the project
vision and mission to the relevant international events and interested institutions.
In particular, INFN-CNAF has been in charge of the organisation of the joint eXtreme-DataCloud (XDC)
and the DEEP-HybridDataCloud kickoff meeting \cite{xdc-ko}, hosted in Bologna (Italy) on 23-25 January, 2018.
{\bf Work Package 2 (NA2)} identify new functionalities for the management of huge data
volumes from the different Research Communities Use Cases providing requirements to the existing tools
developers to enhance the user experience. WP2 is also responsible for testing the new developments and for
providing adequate feedback about the user experience of the different services. WP2 analyses the scalability
requirements for the infrastructure taking into account the challenges expected in next years and the new
frameworks of scientific data.
INFN-CNAF mainly participates to WP2 activities by supporting the WLCG community and related LHC experiments through the figure
of {\bf Champion} who is a member of Research Communities/Infrastructures that understands very well the needs of the use case
and has a general understanding of the available solutions and their features.
In particular, WLCG Champion at INFN-CNAF has the role to harmonise the XDC development activities with those carried on within
the WLCG community having the objective to improve the software solutions in terms of scalability, usability, maintainability, interoperability
and cost effectiveness, looking forward the HL-LHC high demanding data taking conditions.
{\bf Work Package 3 (SA1)} provides software lifecycle management services together with pilot e-Infrastructures
\begin{itemize}
\item For the project developers in order to ensure the maintenance of the high quality of the
released software components and services while adding new features
\item Through Continuous Integration and Delivery, followed by deployment and
operation/monitoring in production environment
\item For the User communities, in order to ensure the delivered software consistently pass the
customer acceptance criteria and continually improve its quality
\item For the e-Infrastructure providers, in order to ensure an easy and smooth delivery of
improved software services and components while guaranteeing the stability of their
production infrastructures.
\end{itemize}
INFN-CNAF is coordinating WP3 and its main activities are related to:
\begin{itemize}
\item Software Lifecycle Management: expressed in terms of Software Quality Assurance and
Software Release and Maintenance, CNAF is coordinating the management of those software products that
became officially part of the first XDC releases, codenamed Pulsar \cite{xdc-pulsar}, foreseen for late 2018 and effectively released in January 2019.
CNAF is also coordinating the implementation of the continuous
software improvement process, following a DevOps approach, through the definition and
realisation of an innovative Continuous Integration (CI) and Delivery (CD) system.
\item Pilot Infrastructure Services: CNAF, with the support of the project partners, is providing and maintaining the testbeds
dedicated to developers, software integration and software preview.
In particular, the activities were focused in implementing the services needed to support the software development and release
management and included among others the source code repository, and continuous integration system.
\item Exploitation activities: focused in bridging with infrastructure providers which are the
targets for the XDC software together with the user communities (WP2). Among the
exploitation activities, INFN-CNAF actively participated on a task devoted to creating a Service Providers Board and
establish communication channels with providers.
\end{itemize}
Moreover, INFN-CNAF is hosting and maintaining the XDC collaborative tools put in place for an effective project
communication among partners (web site, INDICO agenda, mailing lists, document repository, video conference,
issue tracking system, project management and content collaboration ).
{\bf Work Package 4 (JRA1)} provides the semi or fully automated placement of scientific data in
the Exabyte region on the site (IaaS) as well as on the federated storage level. In the context of this Work
Package, placement may either refer to the media the data is stored on, to guarantee a requested Quality of
Service, or the geographical location, in order to move data as close to the compute facility as possible to overcome
latency issues in geographically distributed infrastructures. In the latter case, data might either be
permanently moved, or temporarily cached.
In WP4, INFN-CNAF contributes in the development of an HTTP caching system based on NGINX \cite{nginx} web server.
Serving as a content cache, the XDC-HTTP caching service, can be deployed in several WLCG data management
workflows, given that many of the software solutions support the HTTP protocol for data operations.
In particular, this activity carried on in WP4 aims to add support for VOMS proxy certificates exploiting the
modularity of NGINX to develop an additional module that inspects the VOMS proxy certificate attributes.
INFN-CNAF contributed also to the geographically scalability tests of the XCache system, developed within
WP4 activities, in particular in the deployment and related support of the software in a national testbed.
{\bf Work Package 5 (JRA2)} provides enriched high-level data management services unifying
access to heterogeneous storage resources and services, enable extreme scale data processing on both private
as well as public Cloud computing resources using established interfaces and allowing usage of legacy
applications without the need for rewriting them from scratch. These functionalities will be provided mainly
by Onedata \cite{onedata} distributed virtual file-system platform.
In particular, INFN-CNAF is in charge to deploy and test the new features released by WP5 by adopting the
services and solution provided by WP3.
\section{General architecture}
The XDC project aims at providing advanced data management capabilities that require the execution of several tasks and
the interaction among several components and services. Those capabilities should include but are not limited to QoS
management, preprocessing at ingestion and automated data transfers. Therefore a global orchestration layer is needed
to take care of the execution of those complex workflows.
Figure~\ref{fig-comp} highlights the main components and their role among the three different levels: Storage,
Federation, and Orchestration.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm,clip]{XDC-comp.png}
\caption{XDC main components and related roles.}
\label{fig-comp}
\end{figure}
Figure~\ref{fig-HLA} highlights the high level architecture of the XDC project by describing the components and the
related connections.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=12cm,clip]{XDC-HLA.png}
\caption{High level architecture of the XDC project.}
\label{fig-HLA}
\end{figure}
\subsection{XDC PaaS Orchestration system}
In the XDC project a global orchestration layer is needed to take care of the execution of those complex workflows.
The orchestration covers two essential aspects:
\begin{itemize}
\item The overall control, steering and bookkeeping including the connection to compute resources
\item The orchestration of the data management activities like data transfers, and data federation.
\end{itemize}
Consequently it was decided to split the responsibilities between two different components: the INDIGO
Orchestrator \cite{paasorch} and Rucio \cite{rucio}.
The INDIGO PaaS Orchestrator, the system wide orchestration engine, is a component of the PaaS layer that allows
to instantiate resources on Cloud Management Frameworks (like OpenStack and OpenNebula) and Mesos clusters.
It takes the deployment requests, expressed through templates written in TOSCA YAML Profile 1.0 \cite{tosca},
and deploys them on the best cloud site available.
The Rucio project, the data management orchestration subsystem, is the new version of ATLAS Distributed Data
Management (DDM) system services for allowing to manage the large volumes of data, both
provided by the detector as well as generated or derived, in the ATLAS distributed computing system. Rucio is used to
manage accounts, files, datasets and distributed storage systems.
Those two components, the PaaS Orchestrator and Rucio, provide different capabilities and can complement each
other to offer a full set of features to meet the XDC requirements.
Rucio implements the data management functionalities missing in the INDIGO Orchestrator: the Orchestrator will
make use of those capabilities to orchestrate the data movement based on policies.
\subsection{XDC Quality-of-Service implementation}
The idea to provide scientific communities or individuals with the ability to specify a particular quality of service
when storing data, e.g. the maximum access latency or minimum retention policy, was introduced within the
INDIGO-DataCloud project. In XDC, the QoS concept is envisioned to consistently complement all data related
activities. In other words, whenever storage space is requested, either manually by a user or programmatically
by a framework, the quality of that space can be negotiated between the requesting entity and the storage provider.
\subsection{Caching within XDC}
In this section we consider how the XDC architecture treats the storage and access of data, building a hierarchy of
components whose goal is to maximise the accessibility of data to clients while minimising global infrastructure costs.
The architecture considers a set of multi-site storage systems, potentially accessed through caches, both of which
are aggregated globally through a federation.
To such purpose, various technologies are available to the project to serve as the basis of an implementation:
\begin{itemize}
\item The system runs native dCache \cite{dcache} or EOS, but operates in a ``caching mode'' staging data in
when a cache miss occurs.
\item A service such as Dynafed \cite{dynafed} will be augmented to initiate data movement. While it would
hold only metadata, it would use a local storage system for this.
\item A standalone HTTP cache could be built from existing web technology, such as NGINX,
modified for horizontal scalability and relevant AAI support.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{XDC data management and new developments}
Data management functionality for end users will be also available via the Onedata
platform \cite{onedata}. Onezone will provide single-sign on authentication and authorisation for users, which will
be able to create access tokens to perform data access activities via the Web browser, REST API or using Onedata
POSIX virtual filesystem. Onezone will enable federating multiple storage sites through the deployment of Oneprovider services
on top of the actual storage resources provisioned by the sites.
For the purpose of job scheduling and orchestration, Onedata will communicate with Indigo Orchestrator component
by means of a message bus, allowing the Orchestrator to subscribe for events related to data transfers and data
access. This will allow Orchestrator to react to changes in the overall system state (e.g. a new file in a specific
directory or space, data distribution changes initiated by manual transfers, cache invalidation or on-the-fly block transfers).
Onedata will be also responsible for definition of federation level authentication and authorisation aspects of data
access, based on OpenID Connect \cite{oidc}.
On the data access layer, Onedata will provide a WebDAV \cite{webdav} storage interface, to enable integration of
other HTTP transfer based components such as FTS \cite{fts} or EOS \cite{eos} to make the data managed by these
components accessible in a unified manner via the POSIX virtual filesystem provided by Onedata.
Furthermore, Onezone, the entry point to the data management aspects of the platform, will allow for semi-automated
creation of data discovery portals, based on metadata stored in the federated Oneprovider instances and on a
centralised ElasticSearch engine indexing the metadata. This solution will allow the communities to create custom
indexes on the data and metadata, provide customisable styles and icons for their users and defining custom
authorisation rights based on user classes (public access, access on login, group access, etc.).
\section{Conclusions}
In the present contribution the XDC objectives, starting from the technology gaps that currently prevent effective
exploitation of distributed computing and storage resources by many scientific communities, have been discussed and presented
together with the activities (and related contributions) carried on by INFN-CNAF for each WP of the project.
Those objectives are the real driver of the project and derive directly from use cases, and the related needs,
presented by the scientific communities involved in the project itself, covering areas such as Physics, Astrophysics, Bioinformatics, and others.
Starting from the above assumptions, the overall structure of the project has been presented emphasising
its components, typically based upon or extend established open source solutions, and the relations among them.
For the second part of project, the activities carried on at INFN-CNAF will continue to ensure the fulfilment of the project objectives.
In particular, the already available software solutions will be enriched by advanced functionalities (provided by JRAs) aimed at addressing the
use case requirements provided by NA2. The implementation and related testing of those new solutions will be performed in the testbeds maintained by SA1.
SA1 will also continue its activities aimed at further validate the software, its robustness and scalability and will follow the preparation of the second
project release, codenamed Quasar, foreseen for the second half of 2019.
Moreover, XDC project can complement and integrate with other running projects and communities and with
existing multi-national, multi-community infrastructures. As an example, XDC is collaborating with the Designing
and Enabling E-Infrastructures for intensive Processing in Hybrid Data Clouds (DEEP-Hybrid-DataCloud) \cite{deep}
project aimed at promoting the integration of specialised, and expensive, hardware under a Hybrid Cloud platform,
and targeting the evolution of the corresponding Cloud services supporting these intensive computing techniques to production level.
\section*{Acknowledgments}
eXtreme DataCloud has been funded by the European Commission H2020 research and innovation
program under grant agreement RIA 777367.
\section{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{}
\bibitem{xdc}
Web site: www.extreme-datacloud.eu
\bibitem{EOSC}
Web site: https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=open-science-cloud
\bibitem{EGI}
Web site: https://www.egi.eu/
\bibitem{wlcg}
Web site: wlcg.web.cern.ch/
\bibitem{einfracall21}
Web site: http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/einfra-21-2017.html
\bibitem{indigo}
Web site: https://www.indigo-datacloud.eu
\bibitem{xdc-ko}
Web site: http://www.extreme-datacloud.eu/kickoff/
\bibitem{xdc-pulsar}
Web site: http://www.extreme-datacloud.eu/pulsar-out/
%\bibitem{lifewatch}
%Web site: https://www.lifewatch.eu
%\bibitem{cta}
%Web site: https://www.cta-observatory.org
%\bibitem{ecrin}
%Web site: https://www.ecrin.org
%\bibitem{xfel}
%Web site: https://www.xfel.eu
\bibitem{nginx}
Web site: https://www.nginx.com/
\bibitem{paasorch}
Web site: www.indigo-datacloud.eu/paas-orchestrator
\bibitem{rucio}
Web site: https://rucio.cern.ch/
\bibitem{tosca}
TOSCA Simple Profile in YAML Version 1.0. Edited by Derek Palma, Matt Rutkowski, and Thomas Spatzier. 27 August 2015. OASIS Committee Specification Draft 04 / Public Review Draft 01
\bibitem{dcache}
Web site: www.dcache.org
\bibitem{dynafed}
Web site: lcgdm.web.cern.ch/dynafed-dynamic-federation-project
\bibitem{onedata}
Web site: onedata.org
\bibitem{oidc}
Web site: https://openid.net/connect/
\bibitem{webdav}
Web site: www.webdav.org/
\bibitem{fts}
Web site: information-technology.web.cern.ch/services/file-transfer
\bibitem{eos}
Web site: eos.web.cern.ch
\bibitem{deep}
Web site: https://deep-hybrid-datacloud.eu/
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty
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\renewcommand\theenumii{\alph{enumii}}
\renewcommand\theenumiii{\arabic{enumiii}}
\renewcommand\theenumiv{\Alph{enumiv}}
\newcommand\labelenumi{(\theenumi)}
\newcommand\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
\newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
\newcommand\labelenumiv{(\theenumiv)}
\renewcommand\p@enumii{(\theenumi)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiii{(\theenumi.\theenumii)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiv{(\theenumi.\theenumii.\theenumiii)}
\newcommand\labelitemi{$\m@th\bullet$}
\newcommand\labelitemii{\normalfont\bfseries --}
\newcommand\labelitemiii{$\m@th\ast$}
\newcommand\labelitemiv{$\m@th\cdot$}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%% Figures
\newcounter{figure}
\renewcommand\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
\def\fps@figure{tbp}
\def\ftype@figure{1}
\def\ext@figure{lof}
\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
\newenvironment{figure}{\footnotesize\rm\@float{figure}}%
{\end@float\normalsize\rm}
\newenvironment{figure*}{\footnotesize\rm\@dblfloat{figure}}{\end@dblfloat}
\newcounter{table}
\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
\def\fps@table{tbp}
\def\ftype@table{2}
\def\ext@table{lot}
\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
\newenvironment{table}{\footnotesize\rm\@float{table}}%
{\end@float\normalsize\rm}
\newenvironment{table*}{\footnotesize\rm\@dblfloat{table}}%
{\end@dblfloat\normalsize\rm}
\newlength\abovecaptionskip
\newlength\belowcaptionskip
\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
%Table Environments
%\newenvironment{tableref}[3][\textwidth]{%
%\begin{center}%
%\begin{table}%
%\captionsetup[table]{width=#1}
%\centering\caption{\label{#2}#3}}{\end{table}\end{center}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\newcounter{figure}
%\renewcommand \thefigure {\@arabic\c@figure}
%\def\fps@figure{tbp}
%\def\ftype@figure{1}
%\def\ext@figure{lof}
%\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
%ENVIRONMENT: figure
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% {\@float{figure}}
% {\end@float}
%ENVIRONMENT: figure*
%\newenvironment{figure*}
% {\@dblfloat{figure}}
% {\end@dblfloat}
%ENVIRONMENT: table
%\newcounter{table}
%\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
%\def\fps@table{tbp}
%\def\ftype@table{2}
%\def\ext@table{lot}
%\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
%\newenvironment{table}
% {\@float{table}}
% {\end@float}
%ENVIRONMENT: table*
%\newenvironment{table*}
% {\@dblfloat{table}}
% {\end@dblfloat}
%\newlength\abovecaptionskip
%\newlength\belowcaptionskip
%\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
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% CAPTIONS
% Added redefinition of \@caption so captions are not written to
% aux file therefore less need to \protect fragile commands
%
\long\def\@caption#1[#2]#3{\par\begingroup
\@parboxrestore
\normalsize
\@makecaption{\csname fnum@#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #3}\par
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\vskip\abovecaptionskip
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{\bf #1.} #2\par
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%\newcommand\listoffigures{%
% \section*{\listfigurename
% \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}%
% {\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}}%
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% \section*{\listtablename
% \@mkboth{%
% \MakeUppercase\listtablename}{\MakeUppercase\listtablename}}%
% \@starttoc{lot}%
% }
%\let\l@table\l@figure
%======================================
%ENVIRONMENTS
%======================================
%ENVIRONMENT: indented
\newenvironment{indented}{\begin{indented}}{\end{indented}}
\newenvironment{varindent}[1]{\begin{varindent}{#1}}{\end{varindent}}
%
\def\indented{\list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\mathindent\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
\parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}
\let\endindented=\endlist
\def\varindent#1{\setlength{\varind}{#1}%
\list{}{\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=0\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=\varind\topsep=0\p@\partopsep=0\p@
\parsep=0\p@\listparindent=15\p@}\footnotesize\rm}
\let\endvarindent=\endlist
%ENVIRONMENT: abstract
\newenvironment{abstract}{%
\vspace{16pt plus3pt minus3pt}
\begin{indented}
\item[]{\bfseries \abstractname.}\quad\rm\ignorespaces}
{\end{indented}\vspace{10mm}}
%ENVIRONMENT: description
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{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
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{\endlist}
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%ENVIRONMENT: quotation
\newenvironment{quotation}
{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
\itemindent \listparindent
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\item[]}
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%ENVIRONMENT: quote
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%ENVIRONMENT: verse
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\list{}{\itemsep \z@
\itemindent -1.5em%
\listparindent\itemindent
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\item[]}
{\endlist}
%ENVIRONMENT: bibliography
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\setlength\bibindent{1.5em}
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\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
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\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
\def\numrefs#1{\begin{thebibliography}{#1}}
\def\endnumrefs{\end{thebibliography}}
\let\endbib=\endnumrefs
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\newenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
% {\section*{References}
% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
% \leftmargin\labelwidth
% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
% \@openbib@code
% \usecounter{enumiv}%
% \let\p@enumiv\@empty
% \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
% \sloppy
% \clubpenalty4000
% \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
% \widowpenalty4000%
% \sfcode`\.\@m}
% {\def\@noitemerr
% {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
% \endlist}
%\newcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em\@plus.33em\@minus.07em}
%\let\@openbib@code\@empty
%ENVIRONMENT: theindex
\newenvironment{theindex}
{\if@twocolumn
\@restonecolfalse
\else
\@restonecoltrue
\fi
\columnseprule \z@
\columnsep 35\p@
\twocolumn[\section*{\indexname}]%
\@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
\thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
\parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
\let\item\@idxitem}
{\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
\newcommand\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@}
\newcommand\subitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{20\p@}}
\newcommand\subsubitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{30\p@}}
\newcommand\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ \@plus5\p@ \@minus3\p@\relax}
%=====================
\def\appendix{\@ifnextchar*{\@appendixstar}{\@appendix}}
\def\@appendix{\eqnobysec\@appendixstar}
\def\@appendixstar{\@@par
\ifnumbysec % Added 30/4/94 to get Table A1,
\@addtoreset{table}{section} % Table B1 etc if numbering by
\@addtoreset{figure}{section}\fi % section
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\setcounter{subsection}{0}
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\setcounter{equation}{0}
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\setcounter{table}{0}
\def\thesection{Appendix \Alph{section}}
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\Alph{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
\Alph{section}\arabic{equation}\fi} % Comment A\arabic{equation} maybe
\def\thetable{\ifnumbysec % better? 15/4/95
\Alph{section}\arabic{table}\else
A\arabic{table}\fi}
\def\thefigure{\ifnumbysec
\Alph{section}\arabic{figure}\else
A\arabic{figure}\fi}}
\def\noappendix{\setcounter{figure}{0}
\setcounter{table}{0}
\def\thetable{\arabic{table}}
\def\thefigure{\arabic{figure}}}
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\setlength\fboxsep{3\p@}
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\renewcommand\theequation{\arabic{equation}}
% NAME OF STRUCTURES
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\newcommand\listfigurename{List of Figures}
\newcommand\listtablename{List of Tables}
\newcommand\refname{References}
\newcommand\indexname{Index}
\newcommand\figurename{Figure}
\newcommand\tablename{Table}
\newcommand\partname{Part}
\newcommand\appendixname{Appendix}
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%Miscellaneous commands
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T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
\newcommand{\jpcsit}{{\bfseries\itshape\selectfont Journal of Physics: Conference Series}}
\newcommand{\jpcs}{{\itshape\selectfont Journal of Physics: Conference Series}}
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\newcommand{\cls}{{\upshape\selectfont\texttt{jpconf.cls}}}
\newcommand{\corg}{conference organizer}
\newcommand\today{\number\day\space\ifcase\month\or
January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
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\def\fps@table{hp}\noappendix}
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\def\fps@figure{hp}\noappendix}
%
\newcommand{\Figure}[1]{\begin{figure}
\caption{#1}
\end{figure}}
%
\newcommand{\Table}[1]{\begin{table}
\caption{#1}
\begin{indented}
\lineup
\item[]\begin{tabular}{@{}l*{15}{l}}}
\def\endTable{\end{tabular}\end{indented}\end{table}}
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%
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\caption{#1}
\lineup
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{}l*{15}{@{\extracolsep{0pt plus 12pt}}l}}}
\def\endfulltable{\end{tabular*}\end{table}}
%BIBLIOGRAPHY and References
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%\newcommand{\References}{\section*{References}\par\refs}
%\def\thebibliography#1{\list
% {\hfil[\arabic{enumi}]}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
% \partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@
% \labelsep=5\p@\itemindent=-10\p@
% \settowidth\labelwidth{\footnotesize[#1]}%
% \leftmargin\labelwidth
% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
% \advance\leftmargin -\itemindent
% \usecounter{enumi}}\footnotesize
% \def\newblock{\ }
% \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
% \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
%\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
%\def\numrefs#1{\begin{thebibliography}{#1}}
%\def\endnumrefs{\end{thebibliography}}
%\let\endbib=\endnumrefs
\def\thereferences{\list{}{\topsep=0\p@\parsep=0\p@
\partopsep=0\p@\itemsep=0\p@\labelsep=0\p@\itemindent=-18\p@
\labelwidth=0\p@\leftmargin=18\p@
}\footnotesize\rm
\def\newblock{\ }
\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=1000\relax}%
\let\endthereferences=\endlist
% MISC EQUATRION STUFF
%\def\[{\relax\ifmmode\@badmath\else
% \begin{trivlist}
% \@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
% \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
% \item[]\leavevmode
% \hbox to\linewidth\bgroup$ \displaystyle
% \hskip\mathindent\bgroup\fi}
%\def\]{\relax\ifmmode \egroup $\hfil \egroup \end{trivlist}\else \@badmath \fi}
%\def\equation{\@beginparpenalty\predisplaypenalty
% \@endparpenalty\postdisplaypenalty
%\refstepcounter{equation}\trivlist \item[]\leavevmode
% \hbox to\linewidth\bgroup $ \displaystyle
%\hskip\mathindent}
%\def\endequation{$\hfil \displaywidth\linewidth\@eqnnum\egroup \endtrivlist}
%\@namedef{equation*}{\[}
%\@namedef{endequation*}{\]}
%\def\eqnarray{\stepcounter{equation}\let\@currentlabel=\theequation
%\global\@eqnswtrue
%\global\@eqcnt\z@\tabskip\mathindent\let\\=\@eqncr
%\abovedisplayskip\topsep\ifvmode\advance\abovedisplayskip\partopsep\fi
%\belowdisplayskip\abovedisplayskip
%\belowdisplayshortskip\abovedisplayskip
%\abovedisplayshortskip\abovedisplayskip
%$$\halign to
%\linewidth\bgroup\@eqnsel$\displaystyle\tabskip\z@
% {##{}}$&\global\@eqcnt\@ne $\displaystyle{{}##{}}$\hfil
% &\global\@eqcnt\tw@ $\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
% \tabskip\@centering&\llap{##}\tabskip\z@\cr}
%\def\endeqnarray{\@@eqncr\egroup
% \global\advance\c@equation\m@ne$$\global\@ignoretrue }
%\mathindent = 6pc
%%
%\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
% \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
% \crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
%%
%\def\eqalignno#1{\displ@y \tabskip\z@skip
% \halign to\displaywidth{\hspace{5pc}$\@lign\displaystyle{##}$%
% \tabskip\z@skip
% &$\@lign\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfill\tabskip\@centering
% &\llap{$\@lign\hbox{\rm##}$}\tabskip\z@skip\crcr
% #1\crcr}}
%%
\newif\ifnumbysec
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
\arabic{equation}\fi}
\def\eqnobysec{\numbysectrue\@addtoreset{equation}{section}}
\newcounter{eqnval}
\def\numparts{\addtocounter{equation}{1}%
\setcounter{eqnval}{\value{equation}}%
\setcounter{equation}{0}%
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\arabic{section}.\arabic{eqnval}{\it\alph{equation}}%
\else\arabic{eqnval}{\it\alph{equation}}\fi}}
\def\endnumparts{\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
\arabic{equation}\fi}%
\setcounter{equation}{\value{eqnval}}}
%
\def\cases#1{%
\left\{\,\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\normalbaselines\openup1\jot\m@th%
\ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}\hfil$&\tqs
\rm##\hfil\crcr#1\crcr}}\right.}%
\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
\ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
\crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
% OTHER USEFUL BITS
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\newcommand{\rmi}{\mathrm{i}}
\newcommand{\rmd}{\mathrm{d}}
\renewcommand{\qquad}{\hspace*{25pt}}
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\newcommand{\tqs}{\hspace*{25pt}}
\newcommand{\fl}{\hspace*{-\mathindent}}
\newcommand{\Tr}{\mathop{\mathrm{Tr}}\nolimits}
\newcommand{\tr}{\mathop{\mathrm{tr}}\nolimits}
\newcommand{\Or}{\mathord{\mathrm{O}}} %changed from \mathop 20/1/95
\newcommand{\lshad}{[\![}
\newcommand{\rshad}{]\!]}
\newcommand{\case}[2]{{\textstyle\frac{#1}{#2}}}
\def\pt(#1){({\it #1\/})}
\newcommand{\dsty}{\displaystyle}
\newcommand{\tsty}{\textstyle}
\newcommand{\ssty}{\scriptstyle}
\newcommand{\sssty}{\scriptscriptstyle}
\def\lo#1{\llap{${}#1{}$}}
\def\eql{\llap{${}={}$}}
\def\lsim{\llap{${}\sim{}$}}
\def\lsimeq{\llap{${}\simeq{}$}}
\def\lequiv{\llap{${}\equiv{}$}}
%
\newcommand{\eref}[1]{(\ref{#1})}
%\newcommand{\eqref}[1]{Equation (\ref{#1})}
%\newcommand{\Eqref}[1]{Equation (\ref{#1})}
\newcommand{\sref}[1]{section~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\fref}[1]{figure~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\tref}[1]{table~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\Sref}[1]{Section~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\Fref}[1]{Figure~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\Tref}[1]{Table~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\opencircle}{\mbox{\Large$\circ\,$}} % moved Large outside maths
\newcommand{\opensquare}{\mbox{$\rlap{$\sqcap$}\sqcup$}}
\newcommand{\opentriangle}{\mbox{$\triangle$}}
\newcommand{\opentriangledown}{\mbox{$\bigtriangledown$}}
\newcommand{\opendiamond}{\mbox{$\diamondsuit$}}
\newcommand{\fullcircle}{\mbox{{\Large$\bullet\,$}}} % moved Large outside maths
\newcommand{\fullsquare}{\,\vrule height5pt depth0pt width5pt}
\newcommand{\dotted}{\protect\mbox{${\mathinner{\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp}}$}}
\newcommand{\dashed}{\protect\mbox{-\; -\; -\; -}}
\newcommand{\broken}{\protect\mbox{-- -- --}}
\newcommand{\longbroken}{\protect\mbox{--- --- ---}}
\newcommand{\chain}{\protect\mbox{--- $\cdot$ ---}}
\newcommand{\dashddot}{\protect\mbox{--- $\cdot$ $\cdot$ ---}}
\newcommand{\full}{\protect\mbox{------}}
\def\;{\protect\psemicolon}
\def\psemicolon{\relax\ifmmode\mskip\thickmuskip\else\kern .3333em\fi}
\def\lineup{\def\0{\hbox{\phantom{0}}}%
\def\m{\hbox{$\phantom{-}$}}%
\def\-{\llap{$-$}}}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Tables rules %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newcommand{\boldarrayrulewidth}{1\p@}
% Width of bold rule in tabular environment.
\def\bhline{\noalign{\ifnum0=`}\fi\hrule \@height
\boldarrayrulewidth \futurelet \@tempa\@xhline}
\def\@xhline{\ifx\@tempa\hline\vskip \doublerulesep\fi
\ifnum0=`{\fi}}
%
% Rules for tables with extra space around
%
\newcommand{\br}{\ms\bhline\ms}
\newcommand{\mr}{\ms\hline\ms}
%
\newcommand{\centre}[2]{\multispan{#1}{\hfill #2\hfill}}
\newcommand{\crule}[1]{\multispan{#1}{\hspace*{\tabcolsep}\hrulefill
\hspace*{\tabcolsep}}}
\newcommand{\fcrule}[1]{\ifnum\thetabtype=1\multispan{#1}{\hrulefill
\hspace*{\tabcolsep}}\else\multispan{#1}{\hrulefill}\fi}
%
% Extra spaces for tables and displayed equations
%
\newcommand{\ms}{\noalign{\vspace{3\p@ plus2\p@ minus1\p@}}}
\newcommand{\bs}{\noalign{\vspace{6\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@}}}
\newcommand{\ns}{\noalign{\vspace{-3\p@ plus-1\p@ minus-1\p@}}}
\newcommand{\es}{\noalign{\vspace{6\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@}}\displaystyle}%
%
\newcommand{\etal}{{\it et al\/}\ }
\newcommand{\dash}{------}
\newcommand{\nonum}{\par\item[]} %\par added 1/9/93
\newcommand{\mat}[1]{\underline{\underline{#1}}}
%
% abbreviations for IOPP journals
%
\newcommand{\CQG}{{\it Class. Quantum Grav.} }
\newcommand{\CTM}{{\it Combust. Theory Modelling\/} }
\newcommand{\DSE}{{\it Distrib. Syst. Engng\/} }
\newcommand{\EJP}{{\it Eur. J. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\HPP}{{\it High Perform. Polym.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\IP}{{\it Inverse Problems\/} }
\newcommand{\JHM}{{\it J. Hard Mater.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\JO}{{\it J. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\JOA}{{\it J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\JOB}{{\it J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\JPA}{{\it J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.} }
\newcommand{\JPB}{{\it J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys.} } %1968-87
\newcommand{\jpb}{{\it J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.} } %1988 and onwards
\newcommand{\JPC}{{\it J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys.} } %1968--1988
\newcommand{\JPCM}{{\it J. Phys.: Condens. Matter\/} } %1989 and onwards
\newcommand{\JPD}{{\it J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JPE}{{\it J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum.} }
\newcommand{\JPF}{{\it J. Phys. F: Met. Phys.} }
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\documentclass[a4paper]{jpconf}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage[]{color}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{makecell}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{subfig}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage[binary-units=true,per-mode=symbol]{siunitx}
% \usepackage{pgfplots}
% \usepgfplotslibrary{patchplots}
% \usepackage[binary-units=true,per-mode=symbol]{siunitx}
\begin{document}
\title{Data management and storage systems}
\author{A. Cavalli, D. Cesini, A. Falabella, E. Fattibene, L.Morganti, A. Prosperini and V. Sapunenko}
\address{INFN-CNAF, Bologna, IT}
\ead{vladimir.sapunenko@cnaf.infn.it}
\section{Introduction}
The Data management group, composed by 7 people (5 permanent), is responsible for the installation, configuration and operations of all Data Storage systems including the Storage Area Network (SAN) infrastructure, the disk servers, the Mass Storage System (MSS) and the tape library, as well as the data management services like GridFTP, XRootD, WebDAV and the SRM interfaces (StoRM in our case) to the storage systems.
The installed capacity, at the end of 2018, was around 37 PB of net disk space, and around 72 PB of tape space.
The storage infrastructure is based on industry standards allowing the implementation of a completely redundant data access system from a hardware point of view and capable of very high performances.
The structure is the following:
\begin{itemize}
\item Hardware level: Medium Range or enterprise level storage systems interconnected via Storage Area Network (Fiber Channel or InfiniBand) to the disk-servers.
\item File-system level: IBM Spectrum Scale (formerly GPFS) to manage the storage systems. The GPFS file-systems, one for each main experiment, are directly mounted on the compute nodes, so that jobs from users have direct Posix access to all data. Given the latency between two sites is low (comparable to the one experienced on the LAN), the file-systems from CNAF are directly mounted on CINECA nodes as well.
\item Hierarchical Storage Manager (HSM): GEMSS (Grid Enabled Mass Storage System, see Section 3 below), a thin software layer developed in house, and IBM Spectrum Protect (formerly TSM) to manage the tape library. In the current setup, a total number of 5 HSM nodes (1 for each LHC experiments and 1 for all the others) are used in production to provide all the data movements between disks and tapes for all the experiments.
\item Data access: users can manage data via StoRM and access the data via Posix, GridFTP, XRootD, WebDAV/http. Virtualization of data management servers (StoRM FrontEnd and BackEnd) within single VM for each major experiment permitted to consolidate HW and increase availability of services; data movers, instead, run on
dedicated high performing hardware.
\end{itemize}
By the end of March 2018, we have concluded the installation of the last part of the 2018 tender. The new storage
was represented by 3 Huawei OceanStor 18800v5 systems for the total of 11.52 PB of usable space and 12 I/O servers equiped with 2x100GbE and 2x56Gps IB cards.
By the end of 2018, we dismissed older storage systems which were in service for more than 6 years, and migrated about 9 PB of data to the recently installed storage. The data migration was performed without any service interruption thanks to Spectrum Scale functionality which permits file system reconfiguration on-the-fly.
A list of storage systems in production as of 31.12.2018 is given in Table \ref{table:3}.
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
Storage System & Quantity & Net Capacity, TB \\
\hline
DDN SFA 12K & 2 & 10240 \\
DELL MD3860 & 4 & 2304 \\
Huawei OS6800v5 & 1 & 5521\\
Huawei OS18000v5 & 5 & 19320\\
\hline
Total (On-line) &&37385 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Storage systems in production as of 31.12.2018.}
\label{table:3}
\end{table}
\section{Recovery from the flooding of 9/11/2017}
The first three months of 2018 were completely dedicated to recovery of the hardware and restoring of the services after the flood event which
happened on November $9^{th}$ 2017.
At that time, the Tier-1 storage at CNAF consisted of the resources listed in Table \ref{table:1}. Almost all storage resources were damaged or contaminated by dirty water (Figure \ref{fig:danni}).
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
System & Quantity & Net Capacity, TB & (\%) of Use \\
\hline
DDN SFA 12K & 2 & 10240 & 95 \\
DDN SFA 10K & 1 & 2500 & 96 \\
DDN S2A 9900 & 6 & 5700 & 80 \\
DELL MD3860 & 4 & 2200 & 97 \\
Huawei OS6800v5 & 1 & 4480 & 48 \\
\hline
Total (On-line) && 25120 &\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Storage systems in production as of November $9^{th}$ 2017.}
\label{table:1}
\end{table}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{danni.PNG}
\caption[]{ Almost all storage resources were damaged or contaminated by dirty water.}
\label{fig:danni}
\end{figure}
The recovery started as soon as the flooded halls became accessible. As the first step, we extracted all tape cartridges and hard disks which went in contact with water respectively from the tape library and from the disk enclosures. After extraction, all of them were marked with respective position, cleaned, dried and stored in secure place.
\subsection{Recovery of disk storage systems}
The strategy for recovering disk storage systems varied depending on redundancy configuration and availability of technical support.
\subsubsection{DDN}
All DDN storage systems consisted of a pair of controllers and 10 Disk Enclosures and were configured with RAID6 (8+2) level of data protection in such a way that every RAID group was distributed over all 10 enclosures. Thus, having one Disk Enclosure damaged in every DDN storage system means reduced level of redundancy. In this case we decided to operate systems with reduced redundancy for the time needed to evacuate data to newly installed storage or substitute damaged enclosures and relative disks with new ones and rebuild missing parity.
For the most recent and still maintained systems, we decided to replace all potentially damaged parts, and specifically 3 Disk Enclosures and 3x84 8TB disks.
After cleaning and drying, we tested several disk drives in our lab and found that Helium filled HDD, being well insulated, are mostly immune to water contamination.
The only sensitive parts on such drives are the electronic board and connectors which are easily cleanable even without special equipment.
Cleaning of Disk Enclosures is much more complicated or even impossible.
For this reason, we decided to replace only Disk Array Enclosures (DAE) and populate them with old but cleaned HDDs, startup the system and then replace and reconstruct old disks one by one while in production. In this way we were able to start using the biggest part of our storage immediately after restore of our power plant.
For the older DDN systems like SFA10000 and S2A 9900, we decided to disconnect contaminated enclosures (one in each system) and to run them with reduced redundancy (RAID5 8+1 instead RAID6 8+2) while moving data to the new storage systems.
\subsubsection{Dell}
After cleaning and drying, air-filled disks demonstrated limited operability (up to 2-3 weeks), usually enough for data evacuation.
For Dell MD3860f storage system the situation was quite different since there were only 3 DAE of 60 HDD each, 24 contaminated disks in each system
and data protection was based on Distributed RAID technology.
In this case, working in close connection with Dell Support Service and trying to minimize costs,
we decided to replace only contaminated elements like electronics boards, backplanes and chassis, leaving original (cleaned and dried) disks
in their places and replacing them one-by-one with new ones after powering-on the system, so to allow the rebuild of missing parity.
Replacement and rebuild took about 3 weeks for each MD3860f system. During this time, we observed only 3 failures (distributed in time) of “wet” HDDs successfully recovered by automated rebuild using reserved capacity.
\subsubsection{Huawei}
The Huawei OceanStor 6800v5 storage system, consisting of 12 disk enclosures of 75 HDD each, were installed in 2 cabinets and ended up with two disks enclosures on the lowest level. Therefore, they were contaminated by water. The two contaminated disk enclosures belonged to two different Storage pools.
The data protection in this case was similar to that adopted for Dell MD3860, i.e. three Distributed Raid groups built on top of Storage pools of four disk enclosures. For the recovery we followed the procedure described above, and replaced two disk enclosures. The spare parts were delivered and installed, the disks were cleaned and installed in their original places. However, when powered on, the system did not recognize the new enclosures. It turned out that delivered enclosures were incompatible on firmware level with the controllers. While debugging this issue, the system remained powered on and the disks began deteriorating. Finally, when the compatibility issue was solved after two weeks, the number of failed disks had exceeded the supported redundancy. Hence, two out of three RAID-set became permanently damaged, and two third of all data stored on this system were permanently lost.
The total volume of lost data amounts to 1.4 PB out of 22 PB stored at CNAF data center at the moment of flood.
\subsection{Recovery of tapes and tape library}
The SL8500 tape library was contaminated by water in its lowest 20 cm, enough to damage several components and 166 cartridges that were stored in the first two levels of slots (out of a total of 5500 cartridges in the tape library).
Part of the damaged tapes (16) were still empty.
As a first intervention, wet tapes were removed and placed in a safe place, so to let them dry and to start evaluating the potential data loss. The Spectrum Protect database was restored from a backup copy saved on a separate storage system, evacuated to CNR site. This operation permitted to identify the content of all wet tapes.
We communicated the content of each wet tape to the experiments, asking them whether the data on those tapes could be recovered from other sites or possibly be reproduced.
It turned out that data contained in 75 tapes were unique and non-reproducible, so those cartridges were sent to a laboratory of an external company to be recovered.
The recovery process lasted 6 months and 6 tapes resulted partially unrecoverable (20 TB lost out of a total of 630 TB).
In parallel, a not-trivial work started to clean, repair and certify again the library, finally reinstating the maintenance contract that we still had in place (though temporarily suspended) with Oracle. External technicians disassembled and cleaned all the library and its modules, which also allowed the underlying damaged floating floor to be replaced. Main powers and two robot hands were replaced, and one T10kD tape drive got lost. When the SL8500 was finally ready and turned on again, a control board placed in the front door panel got burned, and was therefore replaced, clearly damaged by the moisture.
Once the tape system was put back in production, we audited a sample of non-wet cartridges in order to understand whether the humidity had damaged the tapes during the period immediately after the flood. 500 cartridges (4.2 PB), heterogeneous per experiment and age, were chosen. As a result, 90 files resulted unreadable from 2 tapes, that is a normal error rate compared to production, so no issue related to the exposure to water has been observed.
The flood affected also several tapes (of 8 GB each) containing data taken from the RUN1 of the CDF experiment, that ran at Fermilab from 1990 to 1995. When the flood happened, CNAF team had been working to replicate CDF data stored on those old media tapes to modern and reliable storage technologies, in order to make them accessible for further usage. Those tapes were dried in the hours immediately after the flood, but their legibility was not verified afterwards.
\subsection{Recovery of servers, switches, etc.}
In total 15 servers were damaged by contact with water, mainly by leak of acid from on-board batteries which happens in prolonged presence of moisture. In fact, recovery of servers was not our priority, and all contaminated servers remained untouched for about a month. Only one server has been recovered, 6 servers were replaced by already dismissed ones still in working conditions, and 8 servers were purchased as new.
Also, three Fiber Channel switches were affected by the flood: Brocade 48000 (384 ports) and two Brocade 5300 (96 ports each). All three switches were successfully recovered after cleaning and replacement of power supply modules.
\subsection{Results of hardware recovery}
At the end, after the restart of the Tier1 data center, we have completely recovered all services and most part of the HW, as described in the following Table \ref{table:2}.
\begin{table}[h!]
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|p{4cm}|}
\hline
Category & Device & Q.ty & Tot. Capacity & Status & Comment \\
\hline
SAN & Brocade 48000 & 1 & 384 ports & recovered & repaired power distribution board \\
SAN & Brocade 5300 & 2 & 196 ports & recovered & replaced power supply units \\
Storage & DDN S2A 9900 & 6 & 5.7 TB & recovered & repaired 6 controllers, replaced 30 disks and 6 JBODs using already decommissioned system, all data preserved \\
Storage & DDN SFA 10000 & 1& 2.5 PB & recovered & with reduced redundancy, all data moved to a new storage, than dismissed \\
Storage & DDN SFA 120000 & 3 & 11.7 PB & recovered & replaced 4 JBOD, 240 disks of 8TB (new) and 60 disks of 3TB (the last one from decommissioned system), all data preserved \\
Storage &Dell MD3860 &2&1.1PB& recovered & replaced 2 enclosures and 48 disks, all data preserved\\
Storage & Huawei OS6800 & 1 & 4.5PB & recovered & replaced 2 enclosures and 150 disks, 1.4PB of user data lost\\
Servers & & 15 && recovered & 1 recovered and 14 replaced\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{2017 flood: summary of damages.}
\label{table:2}
\end{table}
\section{Storage infrastructure resiliency}
Considering the increase in single disk capacity, we have moved from RAID6 data protection to Distributed RAID in order to speed up the rebuild of eventually failed disks. On the other hand, given the foreseen (huge) increase of the installed disk capacity, we are doing a consolidation of the disk-server infrastructure with a sharp decrease in their number: in the last two tenders, each server was configured with 2x100 Gbps Ethernet and 2x56 Gbps (FDR) IB connections while the disk density has been increased from ~200 TB-N/server to ~1000 TB-N/server.
Currently, we have about 45 disk servers to manage ~37 PB of storage capacity.
Also the SAN is being moved from FC to IB, which is cheaper and more performing, whereas the part dedicated to the tape drives and the TSM servers (Tape Area Network or TAN) will remain based on FC.
We are trying to keep all our infrastructures redundant: the dual-path connection from the servers to the SAN, coupled with the path-failover mechanism, which implements also load-balancing, eliminates several single points of failure (server connections, SAN switches, controllers of the disk storage box) and allows a robust and performing implementation of clustered file-systems like GPFS.
The StoRM instances have been virtualized both allowing the implementation of HA.
\section{Tape library and drives}
At present, a single tape library Oracle SL8500 is installed.
The library has undergone various upgrades and it is now populated with tape cartridges having 8.4 TB of capacity each,
for a total installed capacity of 70 PB at the end of 2018.
Since the present library is expected to be completely filled over 2019, a tender is ongoing for a new one.
In the meanwhile, the TAN infrastructure has been upgraded to FC 16 Gbps.
The 16 T10kD tape drives are shared among the file systems handling the scientific data.
In our current production configuration, there is no way to allocate dynamically more or less drives to recall or migration activities on the different file-systems. In fact, the HSM system administrators can only set manually the maximum number of migration or recall threads for each file system by modifying the GEMSS configuration file. Due to this static setup, we experience that frequently some drives are idle and, at the same time, we notice a certain number of pending recall threads that could become running by using those free drives. In order to overcome this inefficiency, we designed a software solution, namely a GEMSS extension, to automatically assign free tape drives to accomplish pending recalls and to perform administrative tasks on tape storage pools, such as space reclamations or repack. We plan to put this solution in production during 2019.
\section{Data preservation}
CNAF provides the Long Term Data Preservation of the CDF RUN-2 dataset (4 PB) collected between 2001 and 2011 and already stored on CNAF tapes since 2015. 140 TB of CDF data were unfortunately lost because of the flood occurred at CNAF on November 2017; however now all these data have been successfully re-transferred from Fermilab via GridFTP protocol. The CDF database (based on Oracle), containing information about CDF datasets such as their structure, file locations and metadata, has been imported from FNAL to CNAF.
The Sequential Access via Metadata (SAM) station, a data-handling tool specific to CDF data management and developed at Fermilab,
has been installed on a dedicated SL6 server at CNAF. This is a fundamental step in the perspective of a complete decommissioning of CDF services by Fermilab.
The SAM station allows to manage data transfers and to retrieve information from the CDF database;
it also provides a SAMWeb tool which uses HTTP protocol for accessing the CDF database.
Work is ongoing to verify the availability and the correctness of all CDF data stored on CNAF tapes: we are reading all files from the tapes,
calculating their checksum and comparing it with the one stored in the database and retrieved through the SAM station.
Recent tests showed that CDF analysis jobs, using CDF software distributed via CVMFS and requesting delivery of CDF files stored on CNAF tapes, work properly.
When some minor issues regarding the use of X.509 certificates for authentication on CNAF farm will be completely solved, CDF users will be able to access CNAF nodes and submit their jobs via LSF or HTCondor batch systems.
\section{Third Party Copy activities in DOMA}
At the end of the summer, we joined the TPC (Third Party Copy) subgroup of the WLCG’s DOMA\footnote{Data Organization, Management, and Access. see https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/LCG/DomaActivities} project, dedicated to improving bulk transfers between WLCG sites using non-GridFTP protocols. In particular, the Tier 1 is involved in these activities for what concerns StoRM WebDAV.
In October, the two StoRM WebDAV servers used in production by the ATLAS experiment have been upgraded to a version that implements basic support for Third-Party-Copy, and both endpoints entered the distributed TPC testbed of volunteer sites.
\section{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{ref:GEMSS} Ricci, Pier Paolo et al., The {G}rid {E}nabled {M}ass {S}torage {S}ystem ({GEMSS}): the {S}torage and {D}ata management system used at the {INFN} {T}ier1 at {CNAF} {\it J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.} {\bf 396} 042051 - IOP Publishing (2012)
\bibitem{ref:storm} Carbone, A., dell'Agnello, L., Forti, A., Ghiselli, A., Lanciotti, E., Magnoni, L., ... \& Zappi, R. (2007, December). Performance studies of the StoRM storage resource manager. In e-Science and Grid Computing, IEEE International Conference on (pp. 423-430). IEEE.
\bibitem{ref:puppet} “CNAF Provisioning system” on CNAF Annual Report 2015
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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