added icarus contribution

build.sh

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ build_from_source dampe    main.tex *.jpg *.png
 #build_from_source fazia fazia.tex
 build_from_source fermi fermi.tex
 build_from_source gamma gamma.tex
+build_from_source icarus report_2018.tex *.png
 #build_from_source gerda    gerda.tex *.pdf
 #build_from_source glast 	glast.tex 
 #link_pdf juno juno.pdf

cnaf-annual-report-2018.tex

@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ Introducing the sixth annual report of CNAF...
 \ia{The \emph{Fermi}-LAT experiment}{fermi}
 %\ia{Fazia: running dynamical simulations for heavy ion collisions at Fermi energies}{fazia}
 \ia{GAMMA experiment}{gamma}
+\ia{ICARUS}{icarus}
 %\ia{The GERDA experiment}{gerda}
 %\ia{Juno experimenti at CNAF}{juno}
 \ia{The KM3NeT neutrino telescope network and CNAF}{km3net}

contributions/icarus/report_2018.tex

+\documentclass[a4paper]{jpconf}
+\usepackage[font=small]{caption}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{ICARUS}
+\author{A. Rappoldi, on behalf of the ICARUS Collaboration}
+\address{INFN, Sez. di Pavia, via Bassi, 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy}
+\ead{andrea.rappoldi@pv.infn.it}
+
+
+\begin{abstract}
+
+After its successful operation at the INFN underground laboratories
+of Gran Sasso (LNGS) from 2010 to 2013, ICARUS has been moved to
+Fermilab Laboratory at Chicago (FNAL),
+where it represents an important element of the
+Short Baseline Neutrino Project (SBN).
+
+Indeed, the ICARUS T600 detector, which has undergone various technical upgrades
+operations at CERN to improve its performance and make it more suitable
+to operate at shallow depth, will constitute one of three LAr detectors
+exposed to the FNAL Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB).
+
+The purpose of this project is to provide adequate answers to the
+"sterile neutrino puzzle", due to the observation, claimed by various
+other experiments, of anomalies in the results obtained in the
+measurement of the parameters that regulate the mechansm of neutrino
+flavor oscillations.
+
+\end{abstract}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{The ICARUS project}
+\label{ICARUS}
+
+The technology of the Liquid Argon Time Projection chamber (LAr TPC),
+was first proposed by scientist Carlo Rubbia in 1977. It was conceived as a tool for
+detecting neutrinos in a way that would result in completely uniform imaging with high
+accuracy of massive volumes (several thousand tons).
+
+ICARUS T600, the first large-scale detector exploiting this detection technique,
+is the biggest LAr TPC ever realized, with a cryostat containing 760 tons of liquid argon.
+Its construction was the culmination of many years of ICARUS collaboration R\&D studies,
+with larger and larger laboratory and industrial prototypes, mostly developed thanks
+to the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), with the support of CERN.
+
+Nowadays, it represents the state of the art of this technique, and it marks a major
+milestone in the practical realization of large-scale liquid-argon detectors.
+
+The ICARUS T600 detector was previously installed in the underground Italian INFN Gran
+Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) and was the first large-mass LAr TPC operating as a continuously
+sensitive general-purpose observatory.
+The detector was exposed to the CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS) beam,
+a neutrino beam produced at CERN and
+traveling undisturbed straight through Earth for 730 km. 
+
+This very successful run lasted 3 years (2010-2013),
+during which were collected
+$8.6 \cdot 10^{19}$ protons on target with a
+detector live time exceeding 93\%, recording 2650 CNGS neutrinos,
+(in agreement with expectations) and cosmic rays (with a total exposure of 0.73 kilotons per year).
+ICARUS T600 demonstrated the effectiveness of the so-called {\it single-phase} TPC technique
+for neutrino physics, providing a series of results, both from the technical and from the
+physical point of views.
+
+Beside the excellent detector performance, both as tracking device and as homogeneous calorimeter,
+ICARUS demonstrated a remarkable capability in electron-photon separation and particle
+identification, exploiting the measurement of dE/dx versus range, including also the
+reconstruction of the invariant mass of photon pairs (coming from $\pi^0$ decay) to reject to unprecedented level
+the Neutral Current (NC) background to $\nu_e$ Charge Current (CC) events (see Fig.~\ref{Fig1}).
+
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+\centering
+% \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,natwidth=1540,natheight=340]{icarus-nue.png}
+\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{icarus-nue.png}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ICARUS-nue-mip.png}
+\caption{\label{Fig1} {\it Top:} A typical $\nu_e$ CC events recorded during the ICARUS operation
+at LNGS. The neutrino, coming from the right, interacts with the Ar nucleus and produce a
+proton (short heavy ionizing track) and an electron (light gray track) which starts an electromagnetic
+shower, which develops to the left. {\it Bottom:} The accurate analysis of {\it dE/dx} allows
+to easily distinguish the parts of the track in which there is the overlap of more particles,
+locating with precision the beginning of the shower.}
+\end{figure}
+
+The tiny intrinsic $\nu_e$ component in the CNGS $\nu_{\mu}$
+beam allowed ICARUS to perform a sensitive search for anomalous LSND-like $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ oscillations.
+Globally, seven electron-like events have been observed, consistent with the $8.5 \pm 1.1$ events
+expected from intrinsic beam $\nu_e$ component and standard oscillations, providing the limit on
+the oscillation probability $P(\nu_\muμ \rightarrow \nu_e) \le 3.86 \cdot 10^{−3}$ at 90\% CL and
+$P(\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e) \le 7.76 \cdot 10^{−3}$ at 99\% CL, as shown in
+Fig.~\ref{Fig2}.
+
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{ICARUS-sterile-e1529944099665.png}
+\caption{\label{Fig2} Exclusion plot for the $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ oscillations.
+The yellow star marks the best fit point of MiniBooNE.
+The ICARUS limits on the oscillation probability are shown with the red lines. Most of
+LSND allowed regios is excluded, except for a small area around $\sin^2 2 \theta \sim 0.005$,
+$\Delta m^2 < 1 eV^2$.  
+}
+\end{figure}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{ICARUS at FNAL}
+\label{FNAL}
+After its successful operation at LNGS, the ICARUS T600 detector was planned
+to be included in the Short Baseline Neutrino project (SBN) at Fermilab\cite{SBN},
+in Chicago, aiming to give some definitive answer to the so-called
+{\it Sterile Neutrino Puzzle}.
+In this context, it will operate as the {\it far detector}, put along the
+Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) line, 600 meters from the target (see Fig.~\ref{Fig3}).
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{SBN.png}
+\caption{\label{Fig3} The Short Baseline Neutrino Project (SBN) at
+Fermilab (Chicago) will use three LAr TPC detectors, exposed to the
+Booster Neutrino Beam, at different distances fron the target.
+The ICARUS T600 detector, put at 600 m, will operate as the {\it far detector},
+voted to detect any anomaly in the beam flux and spectrum, with respect to
+the initial beam composition detected by the {\it near detector}
+(SBND).
+These anomalies, due to neutrino flavour oscillations, would consist of
+either $\nu_e$ appearence or $\nu_\mu$ disappearance.
+}
+\end{figure}
+
+For this purpose, the ICARUS T600 detector underwent intensive
+overhauling at CERN, before shipping to FNAL,
+in order to make it better suited to surface operation (instead of in
+an underground environment).
+
+This important technical improvements took place in the CERN
+Neutrino Platform framework (WA104) from 2015 to 2017.
+In addition to significant mechanical improvements, especially concerning
+a new cold vessel, with a purely passive thermal insulation,
+some important innovations have been applied to the scintillation
+light detection system\cite{PMT} and to the readout
+electronics\cite{Electronics}.
+
+% The role of ICARUS will be to detect any anomaly in the neutrino beam flux and
+% composition that can occour during its propagation (from the near to the
+% far detector), caused by neutrino flavour oscillation.
+% This task requires to have an excellent capability to detect and identify
+% neutrino interaction within the LAr sensitive volume, rejecting any other
+% spurious event with a high level of confidence.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{ICARUS data amount}
+\label{Computingreport_2015.pdf}
+
+% The new ICARUS T600 detector (that has been modified and improved to operate
+% at FNAL) contains about 54,000 sensitive wires (that give an electric signal
+% proportional to the charge released into the LAr volume by ionizing particles)
+% and 180 large PMTs, producing a prompt signal coming from the scintillation light.
+% Both these analogic signal types are then converted in digital form, by mean of
+% fast ADC modules.
+%
+% During normal run conditions, the trigger rate is about 0.5 Hz, and
+% a full event, consisting of the digitized charge signals of all wires
+% and all PMTs, has a size of about 80 MB (compressed).
+% Therefore, the expected acquisition rate is about 40 MB/s, corrisponding
+ %to 1 PB/yr.
+
+The data produced by ICARUS detector (which is a LAr Time Projection Chamber)
+basically consist of a large number of waveforms generated by sampling the electric
+signals induced on the sensing wires by the drift of the charge deposited along
+the trajectory of the charged particles within the Lar sensitive volume.
+ 
+The waveforms recorded on about 54000 wires and 360 PMTs are digitized
+(at sample rate of 2.5 MHz and 500 MHz respectively) and compressed,
+resulting in a total size of about 80 MB/event.
+
+Considering the forseen acquisition rate of about 0.5 Hz (in normal
+run conditions), the expected data flow is about 40 MB/s, which
+involves a data production of about 1 PB/yr.
+
+The raw data are then processed by automated filters that allow to recognize
+and select the various event types (cosmic, beam, background, etc.) and rewrite
+them in a more flexible format, suitable for the following analysis,
+which is also supported by means of graphics interactive programs.
+
+% The experiment is expected to start commissioning phase at the end of 2018,
+% with first data coming as soon as the Liquid Argon filling procedure is completed.
+% Trigger logic tuning will last not less than a couple of months during which
+% one PB of data is expected. 
+
+Furthermore, the ICARUS Collaboration is actively working on
+producing Montecarlo events needed
+to design and test the trigger conditions to be implemented on the detector.
+This is done by using the same analysis and simulation tools
+developed at Fermilab for the SBN detectors (the {\it LArSoft framework}), in
+order to have a common software platform, and to facilitate algorithm testing
+and performance checking by all the components of the collaboration.
+
+During the 2018 many activities related to the detector installation
+were still ongoing, and the start of data acquisition activities
+is scheduled for the 2019.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{Role and contribution of CNAF}
+\label{CNAF}
+
+All the data (raw and reduced) will be stored on the Fermilab using local facility;
+however, the ICARUS collaboration agreed to have a mirror site in Italy
+(located at CNAF INFN Tier1) where to retain a full replica of the preselected
+raw data, both to have redundancy and provide a more direct data access
+to european part of the collaboration.
+
+The CNAF Tier-1 computing resources assigned to ICARUS for 2018 consist of:
+4000 HSPEC of CPU, 500 TB of disk storage and 1500 TB of tape archive.
+
+A small fraction of the available storage has been used to
+make a copy of all the raw data acquired at LNGS,
+which are still subject to analysis.
+
+During 2018 the ICARUS T600 detector was still in preparation, so
+only a limited fraction
+of such resorces has been used, mainly to perform data transfer tests
+(from FNAL to CNAF) and to check the installation of LArSoft framework
+in the Tier-1 environment. For this last purpose, a dedicate virtual
+machine with custom environment was also used.
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section*{References}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{1}
+
+\bibitem{SBN}
+  R. Acciarri et al.,
+  {\it A Proposal for a Three Detector Short-Baseline Neutrino
+       Oscillation Program in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam},
+  arXiv:1503.01520 [physics.ins-det]
+
+\bibitem{PMT}
+  M. Babicz et al.,
+  {\it Test and characterization of 400 Hamamatsu R5912-MOD
+       photomultiplier tubes for the ICARUS T600 detector}.
+  JINST 13 (2018) P10030
+
+\bibitem{Electronics}
+  L. Bagby et al.,
+  {\it New read-out electronics for ICARUS-T600 liquid
+       argon TPC. Description, simulation and tests of the new
+       front-end and ADC system}.
+   JINST 13 (2018) P12007
+
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+
+\end{document}